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Cardio > Lecture #6-2 > Flashcards

Lecture #6-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Relationship of resistance to radius?
to length?
to viscosity?

A

Res = 1/(r^4)
Proportional
Proportional

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2
Q

Increasing a vessel diameter by factor of four will alter resistance how?

A

1/256

If same pressure, flow increased by 256X

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3
Q

Why do arterioles have lower pressure?

A

Mnay small individual diameters add up to high resistance

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4
Q

Fluid resistances combine that same way as….

A

Electrical resistances

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5
Q

Eq. for velocity of fluid in a tube?

A

Flow rate/Area

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6
Q

Part of circulation with largest cross-sectional area?

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

Part of circulation with smallest cross-sectional area?

A

Aorta

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8
Q

What does viscosity measure?

A

Friction between layers as they slide past eachother at different velocities.

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9
Q

What is the unit of velocity?

A

Poise

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10
Q

What is relative viscosity?

Average Blood relative viscosity?

A

= Viscosity of Fluid / Viscosity of Water

= 3-4

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11
Q

Due to anomalous viscosity…

When might this matteR?

A

Blood viscosity increases if flow becomes slow

Shock

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12
Q

What is the Fahraeus-Lindquist effect?

A

Viscosity diminishes in smaller tubes

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13
Q

What is plasma skimming?

A

Vessels filling selectively from plasma layer

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14
Q

Reynold’s Number equation?

A

[(velocity)(diameter)(fluid density)]/viscosity

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15
Q

How should Reynold’s Number results be interpreted?

A

Turbulence tends to develop with a Reynold’s number over 2000

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16
Q

There is a ______ relationship between F and change in Pressure (in turbulent flow)

A

Linear

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17
Q

Name for the pressure at which the blood flow stops?

A

Critical Closing Pressure

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18
Q

Sypathetic stimulation _____ the critical closing pressure

A

Increases

in other words – at a higher pressure, blood flow stops

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19
Q

What is distensibility?

A

Percentage increase in vol caused by 1 mmHg pressure rise

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20
Q

What is the distensibility equ?

A

Dis = change in V / (change in P)(Vo)

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21
Q

What does compliance measure?

A

Increase in volume for a given increase in pressure.

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22
Q

Equation for compliance?

A

change in V / Change in P
OR
(distensibility)(Vo)

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23
Q

Give an example of delayed compliance/stress relaxation.

A

Initial Increase in volume –> distention+pressure rise
Smooth muscle fibers creep to longer lengths
Decreased pressure

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24
Q

What is reverse stress relaxation?

A

Volume of blood removed
Pressure Drop
Elastic Recoil returns pressure/Reduction in SmoMu. length

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25
Veins are _____ compliant than arteries.
More
26
Two mechanisms of venous compensation during blood loss?
Elastic Recoil | Vasoconstriction via sympathetic stim
27
Increases in Central Venous pressure will also increase....
CO | according to Starling Law
28
Factors that may cause increased central venous pressure?
Increased Blood Volume Vasoconstriction Pumping of skeletal muscles respiratory activity
29
Why are patients tilted down in brain surgery?
To keep air out of the saggital sinus
30
Wall tension equation?
Tension = Pr
31
Most important means of reducing pressure at the feet?
Venous Pump via skeletal muscle
32
Systole occurs between which two venous waves?
A and C
33
When is an a-wave absent? elevated?
Atrial Fib | Tricuspid Stenosis
34
What causes cannon a-waves?
atrial contraction against closed tricuspid
35
What does a large and early V-wave mean?
Tricuspid insufficiency
36
What does a slowed Y descent imply?
Narrowed AV
37
Venous Pressure curve change for mitral stenosis.
Elevated LAP | Slowed Y Descent in LAP curve
38
What is Kussmaul's Sign?
JVP rises on inspiration | Caused by pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, and tamponade
39
Four types of capillary endothelium?
Continuous Fenestrated Discontinuous Tight-Jxn
40
Where is continuous endothelium? Whats it for?
Skin, Muscle, Lungs | Clefts for transport of water and solutes
41
Where is fenestrated endothelium? Whats it for?
GI, Glands, Glomerulus | Heightened permeabitities
42
What is discontinuous endothelium?
Gaps of 1 micromaeter or more Proteins pass through freely Liver, Spleen, Marrow
43
What is tight junction endothelium?
Retina and CNS -- Makes BBB
44
Vessel type with main control of peripheral resistance?
Arterioles
45
AV anastomoses play an important role in...
heat Exchange
46
T or F. Blood continuously flows through the capillaries.
F. It flows intermittently due to vasomotion.
47
What is vasomotion.
Intermitten contraction/relaxation of terminal arterioles and precap. sphincters.
48
Three ways through endothelial cell walls
Diffusion Pinocytosis Ultrafiltration
49
Who moves through endothelium by diffusion?
CO2, O
50
Who moves via pinocytosis?
Large, lipid-insoluble molecules
51
What two types of pressure play the biggest roles in ultrafiltration?
Colloid Osmotic and Hydrostatic
52
Name for forces involved in ultrafiltration.
Starling Forces
53
Why do we not usually care about the reflection coefficient?
Tells about degree of protein leakiness | Unless special pathology, its just 1
54
Difference between active and passive pumping of lymphatics?
Passive -- External compression of lymphatics by muscles, arteries, or movement Active -- Smooth muscle contractions in the lymphatic vessels. Occurs when walls are distended.
55
What is edema?
Swelling of tissues caused by abnormal excess of fluids
56
Causes of edema?
Venous Pressure Increase Lowered Plasma Oncotic Pressure Raised Interstitial Oncotic Pressure Blockage of Lymphatics
57
Causes of high venous pressure?
Heart Failure Fluid Retention Outflox Obs. Immobilization
58
Four causes of Pulmonary Edema?
Imbalance of Starling Forces Damage to Alveolar-Capillary Barrier Lymphatic Obstruction Idiopathic
59
What is cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
High Pulmonary Venous Pressure Reduced Lymph Flow from lungs Edema from increased transcapillary filtration and inadequate lymphatic drainage.
60
What is permeability pulmonary edema?
Endothelial cell injury causes leakage of fluid/protein ito interstitial space, causing osmotic changes.

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