lecture 1 (respiratory) Flashcards
(26 cards)
what is respiration?
- cellular = production of energy within cell
- breathing
what structures make up the respiratory system?
- vocal chords
- oesophagus
- pharynx
- lungs
- bronchus
- diaphragm
- nasal cavity
- tongue
- larynx
- trachea
what occurs to the air in the upper respiratory system?
- warmed to preserve body temperature
- humidified to ensure exchanged tissue doesnt dry
- filtered to remove viruses, bacteria etc.
what is the movement pathway of air?
branching airways -> trachea -> bronchi -> 2nd bronchi -> bronchiole -> alveoli
how many divisions are there between the trachea and alveoli?
- 24
what are the 2 cell types of alveoli?
- type 1 = larger, thin, enable gas exchange
- type 2 = thicker, release surfactant
what allows efficient gas exchange in the alveoli?
- membranes of capillaries and alveoli is almost fused
what does the connective tissue between the alveoli allow?
- lungs to recoil when stretched
what is bronchiectasis?
- enlarged bronchi
- enlargement of airways
how does bronchiectasis occur?
- chronic superlative diseases of the lung (chronic infection)
what are the characteristics of bronchiectasis?
- blockage of airways
- obstructed airways
- area flow to parts of lung restricted
how does air get into lungs?
- based off boyles law
what is boyles law?
- if sealed and compressed then pressure increases
- increased volume = decreased pressure
- decreased volume = increased pressure
how does changes in lung volume cause air flow?
- lungs expand so volume increases and pressure decreases
- pressure in lung falls below atmospheric pressure
- air flows in (inspiration)
what are the lungs contained within?
- plueral sac
what do the lungs adhere to?
- thoracic wall by cohesive forces of pleural membranes
what causes the thoracic cage to move during inspiration?
- external intercostals
- diaphragm
- stemocledomastoids
- scalenes
what causes the thoracic cage to move during expiration?
- internal intercostals
- abdominal muscles
what causes the change in thoracic volume?
- diaphragm flattens and lowers
- muscles of rib cage moving in and out
what occurs when the diaphragm contracts?
- thoracic volume increases
what occurs when the diaphragm relaxes?
- thoracic volume decreases
how is lung function measured?
- water spirometer
- FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second)
- FEV1 correlated with maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)
what occurs to volume time curve with obstruct spirometry?
- FEV1 decreases
what is forced vital capacity (FVC)?
- maximal volume of air exhaled with maximally forced effort from a maximal inspiration
