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psc2019 > lecture 3 (respiratory) > Flashcards

lecture 3 (respiratory) Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

what muscles are recruited in faster breathing?

A
  • phrenic nerve
  • diaphragm
  • internal intercostal muscles
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2
Q

what is minute ventilation?

A
  • 5 1/min
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3
Q

what is the value of maximal voluntary ventilation?

A
  • 125-175 l/min
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4
Q

what is the normal range for arterial pH?

A
  • 7.35-7.45
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5
Q

what is the normal range for arterial PO2?

A
  • 81-100 mmHg
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6
Q

what is the normal range for arterial PCO2?

A
  • 35-45 mmHg
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7
Q

what is the structure of haemoglobin?

A
  • alpha chain
  • beta chain
  • Fe2+ haemorrhage group
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8
Q

what controls breathing?

A
  • neurnonal control (higher centres, reflexes, rhythm generator)
  • chemoreceptors (chemical control)
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9
Q

what are the two types of chemoreceptors?

A
  • central (brain stem)
  • peripheral (arterial, reserve or back up)
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10
Q

what say the function of the pons?

A
  • modify the output of the medullary centres
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11
Q

what is the rhythmic cycle of breathing derived from?

A
  • medulla oblongata
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12
Q

what is the dorsal respiratory group?

A
  • mainly inspiratory neurones
  • sends signals to diaphragm and intercostals
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13
Q

what nerves bring input from the lungs to the DRG?

A
  • vagus/glosopharyngeal nerves
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14
Q

what does the ventral respiratory group contain?

A
  • inspiratory neurones
  • expiratory neurones
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15
Q

what does the VRG do?

A
  • sends impulses to larynx, pharynx, diaphragm and external intercostals
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16
Q

what can and cant cross the blood brain barrier?

A
  • CO2 can
  • H+ and HCO3- cant readily cross
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17
Q

what do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A
  • changes in pH or CO2 levels
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18
Q

what is the normal pH of the cerebral spinal fluid?

19
Q

what is CSF bicarbonate controlled by?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • choroid plexus
20
Q

what does the choroid plexus consist of?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • layer of endothelial filter cells
  • surrounding are of capillaries and loose connective tissue
  • acts as the blood brain barrier
21
Q

what does the CP fold into?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • villi around each capillary
  • creates projections into the ventricles
22
Q

how is the CSF formed?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • as plasma is filtered from blood through epithelial cells
23
Q

what do CP epithelial cells actively transport?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions into the ventricles
24
Q

where are central chemoreceptors located?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • bilaterally in the medulla
25
what does increasing the CO2 content do to chemoreceptors?
- increase the activity
26
what does changing pH do to the activity of central chemoreceptors?
- activity increases as pH becomes more acidic
27
where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
- carotid bodies in carotid sinus - aortic bodies in aortic arch
28
what do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?
- changes in partial pressure of oxygen - respond to low levels of arterial oxygen
29
what occurs with low levels of oxygen?
- co2 decreases - respiration decreases
30
what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
- airway obstruction - can be caused by smoking, air pollution
31
what're the characteristics of COPD?
- breathless - malnourishment - decreased BMI - pain breathing
32
what is chronic bronchitis?
- chronic or recurrent excessive mucus secretion in the bronchial tree
33
how does chronic bronchitis cause airflow limitation?
- leads to decrease in luminal diameter of airways - airway clogging/plugging with mucus - no air transfer
34
what is emphysema?
- increase in normal size of air spaces - destruction of walls without obvious fibrosis - gradual damage of lung tissue and alveoli
35
how does emphysema cause airway obstruction?
- destruction stops the air flow - mucus forming
36
what are the structural changes in emphysema?
- distended respiratory bronchioles - destruction of alveoli
37
how is airflow restricted in emphysema?
- airways kept open due to alveoli around them - airways not supported in emphysema - less air flow enters - increased pressure causes airways to constrict
38
what is type 1 respiratory failure?
- low pO2 - emphysema due to V/Q mismatch
39
what is type 2 respiratory failure?
- low pO2 and high pCO2 - require being under ventilation
40
what are the causes of type 2 respiratory failure?
- central obstruction - mechanical failure (muscle weakness) - central loss of drive (opiates) - chronic lung disease
41
what occurs in chronic COPD to chemoreceptors?
- adaptation of net to high CO2
42
what is the risk of uncontrolled oxygen?
- death from hypercarbia (increased co2 in blood stream)
43
what are the methods of oxygen delivery?
- medium conc mask - nasal prongs - venturi mask

psc2019 (19 decks)

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