lecture 10/11

Question 1

4 thing protists have in common

Answer 1

they are all eukaryotes

they are mostly unicellular

most can reproduce sexually

most live in water or moist areas and form mutualistic or parasitic relationships

Question 2

what are all protists in the amoebozoa and opisthokonta supergroups?

Answer 2

chemoheterotrophs

Question 3

what are amoeba considered? (energy)

Answer 3

chemoheterotrophs

Question 4

how do most chemoheterotrophic protists obtain food?

Answer 4

phagocytosis

Question 5

until 1.5 billion years ago, all eukaryotes were what?

Answer 5

chemoheterotrophs

Question 6

how did the first photosynthesizing eukaryotes evolve?

Answer 6

a heterotrophic eukaryote (protist) formed an endosymbiotic relationship with cyanobacterium

Question 7

what did the cyanobacterium evolve into following the formation of the endosymbiotic relationship with the eukaryote?

Answer 7

chloroplast

Question 8

what did the first photosynthetic eukaryote evolve into?

Answer 8

red algae, green algae and glaucophytes

Question 9

what super group did the first photosynthetic eukaryotes belong to?

Answer 9

Archaeplastida super group

Question 10

3 ways to confirm that chloroplasts was a result of symbiogenesis?

Answer 10

outer membranes resemble the cell membranes of cyanobacteria

chloroplasts have their own ribosomes which resemble those of cyanobacteria

chloroplasts have their own circular DNA

Question 11

which pigments in red algae can also be found in cyanobacteria?

Answer 11

phycoerythrin (phycobilin pigments)

Question 12

how did several other supergroups of eukaryotes also include photosynthetic organismal groups?

Answer 12

secondary endosymbiosis

Question 13

what is secondary endosymbiosis?

Answer 13

the organism first developed by primary endosymbiosis (plastid) is engulfed by another host

Question 14

how many times has primary endosymbiosis and secondary endosymbiosis occured?

Answer 14

primary = twice

secondary= many times

Question 15

what are euglena? (energy)

Answer 15

mixotrophs

can photosynthesize but also feed on organic molecules

Question 16

why can euglena photosynthesize?

Answer 16

because of secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga

Question 17

does paramecium do photosynthesis? (by itself)

Answer 17

no, they form a mutualistic endosymbiotic relationship with green algae

chloroplasts are not organelles so they are not inherited from parent to offspring but are obtained from the environment

Question 18

which super group does Giardia intestinalis belong to?

Answer 18

Excavate

Question 19

which super group does Dinoflagellates belong to?

Answer 19

Chromalveolata

Question 20

what do some species of dinoflagellates produce?

Answer 20

a toxin that can cause paralytic shellfish posioning

Question 21

what does plasmodium cause?

Answer 21

malaria

Question 22

what supergroup does plasmodium belong to?

Answer 22

Chromalveolata

Question 23

what group does paramecium belong to?

Answer 23

chromalveolata

Question 24

what group does colpoda belong to?

Answer 24

Cilates

Question 25

how does Colpoda survive unfavorable conditions?

Answer 25

by forming resting cysts

Question 26

what group does brown algae belong to?

Answer 26

chromalveolata

Question 27

what makes brown algae different from many other protists?

Answer 27

they are photoautotrophs, contains chlorophyll, are large, and multicellular

Question 28

why are algae different colours?

Answer 28

they have evolved pigments that allow them to grow at different depths

Question 29

why are we dependent on marine organisms?

Answer 29

they produce 50% of the oxygen that we breathe

Question 30

do multicellular organisms exist in only one several super groups?

Answer 30

yes, this means they evolved independent of each other at least 25 times

Question 31

3 advantages of multicellularity

Answer 31

allows organisms to grow large so more competitive can live longer as they continue living when individual cells die permits increasing complexity by allowing differentiation of cell types in one organism

Question 32

what type of shells does Forams grow?

Answer 32

calcium carbonate shells

Question 33

what type of shells does Radiolaria form?

Answer 33

silica shells

Question 34

is Rhizaria photosynthetic by itself

Answer 34

no, forms secondary symbiosis or primary symbiosis in paulinella