Lecture 10: Affective Disorders

Question 1

Affective (Mood) Disorders are mental disorders with ___ behaviors or moods

Answer 1

atypical

Question 2

Affective Disorders are characterized by dramatic changes or extremes of ___

Answer 2

mood

Question 3

According to the DSM-5, a diagnosis of major depressive episode can only occur if five or more symptoms are present during a __ week period

Answer 3

2

Question 4

For the diagnosis of major depressive episode, one must exhibit either ___ mood or ____ as one of the symptoms

Answer 4

depressed mood; loss of interest/pleasure

Question 5

A diagnosis of major depressive episode can be given if symptoms are not related to ___/___ and result in distress or impairment in functioning

Answer 5

substance use; medical conditions

Question 6

Clinical depression is characterized by depression symptoms that are displayed for less than __ weeks

Answer 6

2

Question 7

When symptoms of depression last more than 2 weeks, one can be diagnosed with _______

Answer 7

major depressive disorder

Question 8

_____ is a disorder associated with less severe symptoms of depression that are displayed for at least 2 years

Answer 8

Dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder)

Question 9

Depression with at least one mania episode is termed ___ ___

Answer 9

bipolar depression

Question 10

Clinical studies on depression often include both ___ and ___ depressed individuals

Answer 10

unipolar; bipolar

Question 11

People with depression have been shown to have __ thyroid function

Answer 11

low

Question 12

TRH treatment in 4/5 depressed individuals reduced depression scores lasting for __ hrs to ___ weeks

Answer 12

3 hours to several weeks

Question 13

Thyroid hormone treatments are often given together with ____

Answer 13

antidepressants

Question 14

Roughly 50% of depressed patients have excessive production of the steroid hormone ___

Answer 14

cortisol

Question 15

In depressed people, dysregulated HPA Axis function is ___-dependent

Answer 15

state-dependent (normalized with elevated mood)

Question 16

What type of cortisol levels are associated with low mood?

Answer 16

Very low or very high

Question 17

Sex differences in affective disorders can be seen as early as ___

Answer 17

puberty

Question 18

Women are at ____ the risk for developing affective disorders than men

Answer 18

twice

Question 19

Estradiol levels in depressed women are ___ compared to non-depressed women

Answer 19

lower

Question 20

____ treatment can improve mood and depression scores in women

Answer 20

estrogen

Question 21

For non-depressed women, treatment within physiological range is sufficient. For depressed women, ___ treatment doses are needed (15 to 20x)

Answer 21

higher

Question 22

Women with a history of depression experience an increase in depression symptom severity when __ is withdrawn

Answer 22

estradiol

Question 23

___ is a disorder that is associated with the endocrine changes of pregnancy and parturition

Answer 23

Postpartum depression

Question 24

What is the best predictor of postpartum depression?

Answer 24

Prior postpartum depression

Question 25

What type of postpartum depression lasts less than one week and is associated with crying and feelings of sadness?

Answer 25

Maternity blues (baby blues)

Question 26

What type of postpartum depression lasts 4-8 weeks and is associated with irritability, fatigue, crying, insomnia, depressed mood, and feeling of inadequacy

Answer 26

Mild to moderate postpartum depression

Question 27

What type of postpartum depression lasts 2-12 weeks is rare and can involve attempt to harm an infant?

Answer 27

Postpartum depressive psychosis

Question 28

Postpartum depression can be due to withdrawal of ___ opioids, cortisol ____, or variations in DNA methylation of ___ gene

Answer 28

endogenous; dysregulation; OXTR

Question 29

Men experience postpartum depression too. However, it may be disguised as what?

Answer 29

-Aggression -Antisocial behavior -ETOH/drug abuse

Question 30

____ Disorder, also known as winter depression, can be diagnosed as bipolar II or atypical bipolar disorder

Answer 30

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Question 31

Individuals with ___ exhibit symptoms of depressed affect, lethargy, loss of libido, anxiety, inability to focus attention/concentration.

Answer 31

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Question 32

When do symptoms of SAD typically occur?

Answer 32

These symptoms occur during late fall and winter

Question 33

What are three symptoms of SAD that make it different from non-seasonal depression?

Answer 33

1) Hyperphagia (excessive eating) 2) Carbohydrate cravings 3) Hypersomnia

Question 34

There is a higher prevalence in ____ disorder in regions with higher altitude

Answer 34

SAD

Question 35

What population is Seasonal Affective Disorder most prevalent in?

Answer 35

Women

Question 36

The ___ gland converts serotonin to melatonin

Answer 36

pineal

Question 37

The production of what neurotransmitter is impacted by diet?

Answer 37

Serotonin

Question 38

How does carbohydrate intake related to serotonin production

Answer 38

Greater carb intake, greater serotonin

Question 39

What hormone is involved in the circadian rhythm control?

Answer 39

Melatonin

Question 40

Melatonin production and secretion are heavily influenced by ___. It is made at greater concentrations at ___

Answer 40

light; night

Question 41

___ can synchronize daily melatonin secretion rhythm and can acutely suppress daily melatonin secretion.

Answer 41

Light

Question 42

Several hours of bright light treatment in the morning can decrease ___ symptoms

Answer 42

SAD

Question 43

Bright light treatment has ____ effects and it can realign inappropriately entrained circadian rhythms

Answer 43

anti-depressant

Question 44

True or False: Bright light treatment during the day has the same beneficial effects on mood

Answer 44

False

Question 45

What other treatments can alter biological clocks?

Answer 45

1) Sleep therapy 2) Antidepressive pharmacological treatment

Question 46

To suppress melatonin at night, ____ illumination is required in humans (at least 1500 lux)

Answer 46

high-intensity

Question 47

Studies suggest that over the span of a week, an exposure to ___lux before sleep is enough to delay circadian clock timing as well as decrease melatonin

Answer 47

30-50