Lecture 9: Stress

Question 1

___ is defined as any signifiant disturbance of homeostasis

Answer 1

Stress

Question 2

What types of stressors can induce stress responses?

Answer 2

1) Environmental (loud noise)
2) Physiological (hunger/starvation)
3) Psychosocial stressors (public speaking)

Question 3

Psychosocial stressors do not have to lead to a stress response and will only do so depending on their ___

Answer 3

perception

Question 4

If an individual experiences stress, the adrenal medulla will release ___, which then goes to hypothalamus, then the anterior pituitary. AP releases ____, which causes glucocorticoids to be released from the ____

Answer 4

epinephrine; ACTH; adrenal cortex

Question 5

When homeostasis is disturbed, what is required to return to homeostasis?

Answer 5

Energy

Question 6

The stress response is dependent on how an individual __ the stress

Answer 6

percieves

Question 7

True or False:
The physiological stress response pathways can occur under non-stressful conditions (e.g wedding, eat)

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What factors modulate perceived stress?

Answer 8

1) Control
2) Predictability
3) Outlets to deal with frustration
4) Habituation

Question 9

The ___ ___ is the physiological and behavioral response that help to re-establish homeostasis

Answer 9

stress response

Question 10

What hormones are involved in stress response?

Answer 10

-Epinephrine (adrenal medulla): release on the scale of seconds
-Glucocorticoids (adrenal cortex):

Question 11

ACTH will lead to secretion of ____

Answer 11

glucocorticoids (cortisone)

Question 12

What elicits fight or flight response or degree of control?

Answer 12

Hormones

Question 13

For skydivers who jump out of planes daily, there is initially elevated cortisol/epinephrine prior to jump. Levels rise after the jump. However, over the course of days, what occurs?

Answer 13

Both levels decrease.
By last day - cortisol is same as control
By last day - epinephrine similar to control, bit lower

Question 14

True or False:
The stress response can be adjusted with repeated exposure to same stressor

Answer 14

True
(sky divers)

Question 15

Does a single measure of cortisol levels reliably tell us if we are stressed? Why?

Answer 15

No
-They are diurnal (rise during day, decrease in evening)
-Rapidly change (within seconds)

Question 16

How do the pupils and airways change in response to sympathetic NS vs. parasympathetic?

Answer 16

EYES —-
sympathetic: dilate
parasympathetic: miosis

AIRWAYS
sympathetic: vasodilation
parasympathetic: vasoconstriction

Question 17

How does the liver respond to PNS vs SNS?

Answer 17

PNS: Stimulates bile release
SNS: Increases glycogen:glucose rate

Question 18

Bladder release and stimulation of adrenal gland occurs if the _____ nervous system is activated?

Answer 18

sympathetic

Question 19

How does a sympathetic response affect the uterus?

Answer 19

Stimulates contractions`

Question 20

In women, decreased levels of hormones are associated with ____ and risk of _____

Answer 20

anovulation; miscarriage

Question 21

Testicular atrophy are associated with decreased levels of hormones on the ___axis

Answer 21

gonadal

Question 22

In the anterior-hypothalasis-testis axis, low prolactin concentrations facilitate production of___

Answer 22

testosterone

Question 23

With stress, high prolactin levels reduce responsiveness to ___ and accentuates negative feedback, decreasing ___ production

Answer 23

LH; testosterone

Question 24

True or False:
Chronic stress can lead to HTN, sluggishness, and pathogenic cholesterol profile

Answer 24

True

Question 25

How does chronic stress affect immune system?

Answer 25

Suppresses immune system; decreased immune response

Question 26

True or False: Wound healing is impaired in stressed caregivers

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Prolactin ___ reproductive function

Answer 27

inhibits

Question 28

How does chronic stress affect the adrenal gland? brain?

Answer 28

Elevated basal glucosteroid levels; feedback resistance; slower response to/recovery from stressors Brain: dendritic atrophy; impaired neurogenesis/plasticity

Question 29

Acute stress can improve ____ function

Answer 29

immune Example: exercise

Question 30

Neurogenesis is maintained by ___ stress levels

Answer 30

optimal

Question 31

True or False: Cortisol injection can improve recognition memory

Answer 31

True (more apt to remember negative stimuli)

Question 32

Stress impairs retrieval of ___ memory

Answer 32

Spatial

Question 33

Females show higher brain ___ utilization under stress compared to males

Answer 33

glucose

Question 34

What factors can influence an individual’s response to stress?

Answer 34

1) Prenatal environment – maternal stresses, paternal stresses 2) Neonatal environment – stressful events early in life 3) Social influences – social isolation, lack of support (ex: orphanage)

Question 35

In chronically stressed male, they make more choices which are ___ while females make fewer choices, which are mostly correct

Answer 35

wrong