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Hormones and Behavior > Lecture 8: Learning/Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Learning/Memory Flashcards

1
Q

_____is adaptive change in behavior that results from experience

A

Learning

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2
Q

4 stages of learning?

A

acquisition, consolidation, retrieval, extinction

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3
Q

____is encoding, storage, retrieval/forgetting of info about past experiences

A

Memory

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4
Q

____is the ability to enter information into storage, retain it, and retrieve it

A

Memory

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5
Q

At what level of arousal does optimal memory or learning happen at?

A

moderate arousal

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6
Q

____ ____ are vivid memories of emotionally arousing or stressful events

A

Flashbulb Memories

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7
Q

True or False: Having highly superior autobiographical memory does not necessarily mean that one has good learning and memory skills

A

True

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8
Q

_____, a type of learning, is a change in response strength to stimulus after repeated exposure

A

Non-associative

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9
Q

Two types of non-associative learning?

A
  1. Habituation
  2. Sensitization
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10
Q

_____, a type of non-associative learning, occurs when a stimulus evokes a stronger response after repeated exposure

A

Sensitization

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11
Q

____, a type of non-associative learning, evokes a weaker response after repeated exposure

A

Habituation (e.g squirrels and humans)

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12
Q

____ involves learning a relationship, typically between two stimuli

A

Associative (conditioned) Learning

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13
Q

Before conditioning, the dog reflexively salivates in response to food - this is an ____ response

A

unlearned

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14
Q

Before conditioning, ringing of the bell does not produce _____

A

salivation

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15
Q

During conditioning, the bell is rung repeatedly and, shortly after the ringing, ___ is presented to the dog

A

food

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16
Q

Eventually, the dog begins ____in response to the bell, before the food is presented, and will salivated in response to the bell alone

A

salivating

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17
Q

In Pavlov’s experiment, the ____ is the unconditioned stimulus while ___ is the unconditioned response

A

food; salivation

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18
Q

Initially the ___ is the neutral stimulus, but eventually it becomes a ______ stimulus

A

Bell; conditioned

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19
Q

Initially, salivation was a ____ response and, at the end, it is a ____ response

A

unconditioned; conditioned

20
Q

____ is when a response originally elicited by one stimulus can be elicited by another stimulus that originally had no effect, forming an association between two stimuli

A

Classical Conditioning

21
Q

____ Conditioning is a type of classical conditioning commonly used in behavioral endocrinology. In this conditioning a ____ is linked to an unpleasant

A

Fear; sound

22
Q

In Fear Conditioning, what is the unconditioned response? In response to the tone, it will become a conditioned response

A

Freezing Behavior

23
Q

In Fear Conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

A

the shock

24
Q

When an association is made in classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the ___ stimulus and freezing becomes ____ response

A

conditioned; conditioned

25
Q

What type of conditioning is an example of aversive learning?

A

Fear Conditioning

26
Q

____, a type of associative learning, occurs when an action leads to reinforcement or reward, with association building over repeated reiforcement

A

Trial/Error Learning or Operant Conditioning

27
Q

The Radial Arm Maze can be used to study what type of learning?

A

Appetitive Learning

28
Q

A Water Maze could be used to study what type of learning?

A

Aversive Learning

29
Q

In ___ learning, you are impacting some of the energy availability of the organism, because there is food involved

A

appetitive

30
Q

____term memory is the ability to hold information in a readily available state over a short amount of time (minutes to seconds)

A

Short

31
Q

____ memory involves manipulating and updating information, typically working with short-term memory information

A

Working Memory

32
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A

1) Declarative (explicit): things that you know and can tell others
2) Procedural (Implicit): know how

33
Q

Two types of declarative memory? Examples?

A

1) Episodic (remembering HS graduation)
2) Semantic (knowing capital of Australia)

34
Q

Three types of procedural memory?

A

1) Conditioning (salivating at fav food)
2) Priming (being more apt to use a word you heard recently)
3) Skill Learning (knowing how to play piano)

35
Q

True or False:
Declarative memory is easier to form and to forget compared to procedural memory

A

True

36
Q

In Patient HM, experimental procedure stopped seizures but ___ was impaired

A

memory

37
Q

Prior to HM memory was thought to be distributed in the ____

A

cortex

38
Q

HM case identified ___is a structure important for memory formation/retrieval. However, memory is not stored there.

A

hippocampus (medial temporal lobe)

39
Q

What type of memory remained intact in HM’s case?

A

procedural memory (multiple memory systems)

40
Q

How does information move through the hippocampus?

A

Entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus to CA3 to CA1

41
Q

How does elevated estradiol levels affect memory? How?

A

Enhances memory by increasing spine density of CA1 pyramidal cells

42
Q

Chronic stress can impair memory by causing dendritic atrophy to ___ pyramidal cells

A

CA3

43
Q

How does an adrenalectomy affect memory?

A

Impairs memory by affecting dentate gyrus (cell loss)

44
Q

Epinephrine can affect cognition. What level of epinephrine allows for optimal cognitive performance?

A

Optimal (average) epinephrine levels - inverted U

45
Q

True or False: The cognitive effect of epinephrine are dose and time dependent

A

True

46
Q

Acc to the Glucose Hypothesis, epinephrine stimulates release of _____, which then leads to improved memory and learning

A

glucose

47
Q

What evidence supports the Glucose Hypothesis?

A

If adrenergic antagonists are used to block epinephrine receptors, you no longer see the effects of epinephrine on learning/memory but glucose will still exert its effects

Hormones and Behavior (6 decks)

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