Lecture 8: Learning/Memory

Question 1

_____is adaptive change in behavior that results from experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

4 stages of learning?

Answer 2

acquisition, consolidation, retrieval, extinction

Question 3

____is encoding, storage, retrieval/forgetting of info about past experiences

Answer 3

Memory

Question 4

____is the ability to enter information into storage, retain it, and retrieve it

Answer 4

Memory

Question 5

At what level of arousal does optimal memory or learning happen at?

Answer 5

moderate arousal

Question 6

____ ____ are vivid memories of emotionally arousing or stressful events

Answer 6

Flashbulb Memories

Question 7

True or False: Having highly superior autobiographical memory does not necessarily mean that one has good learning and memory skills

Answer 7

True

Question 8

_____, a type of learning, is a change in response strength to stimulus after repeated exposure

Answer 8

Non-associative

Question 9

Two types of non-associative learning?

Answer 9

1. Habituation
2. Sensitization

Question 10

_____, a type of non-associative learning, occurs when a stimulus evokes a stronger response after repeated exposure

Answer 10

Sensitization

Question 11

____, a type of non-associative learning, evokes a weaker response after repeated exposure

Answer 11

Habituation (e.g squirrels and humans)

Question 12

____ involves learning a relationship, typically between two stimuli

Answer 12

Associative (conditioned) Learning

Question 13

Before conditioning, the dog reflexively salivates in response to food - this is an ____ response

Answer 13

unlearned

Question 14

Before conditioning, ringing of the bell does not produce _____

Answer 14

salivation

Question 15

During conditioning, the bell is rung repeatedly and, shortly after the ringing, ___ is presented to the dog

Answer 15

food

Question 16

Eventually, the dog begins ____in response to the bell, before the food is presented, and will salivated in response to the bell alone

Answer 16

salivating

Question 17

In Pavlov’s experiment, the ____ is the unconditioned stimulus while ___ is the unconditioned response

Answer 17

food; salivation

Question 18

Initially the ___ is the neutral stimulus, but eventually it becomes a ______ stimulus

Answer 18

Bell; conditioned

Question 19

Initially, salivation was a ____ response and, at the end, it is a ____ response

Answer 19

unconditioned; conditioned

Question 20

____ is when a response originally elicited by one stimulus can be elicited by another stimulus that originally had no effect, forming an association between two stimuli

Answer 20

Classical Conditioning

Question 21

____ Conditioning is a type of classical conditioning commonly used in behavioral endocrinology. In this conditioning a ____ is linked to an unpleasant

Answer 21

Fear; sound

Question 22

In Fear Conditioning, what is the unconditioned response? In response to the tone, it will become a conditioned response

Answer 22

Freezing Behavior

Question 23

In Fear Conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 23

the shock

Question 24

When an association is made in classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the ___ stimulus and freezing becomes ____ response

Answer 24

conditioned; conditioned

Question 25

What type of conditioning is an example of aversive learning?

Answer 25

Fear Conditioning

Question 26

____, a type of associative learning, occurs when an action leads to reinforcement or reward, with association building over repeated reiforcement

Answer 26

Trial/Error Learning or Operant Conditioning

Question 27

The Radial Arm Maze can be used to study what type of learning?

Answer 27

Appetitive Learning

Question 28

A Water Maze could be used to study what type of learning?

Answer 28

Aversive Learning

Question 29

In ___ learning, you are impacting some of the energy availability of the organism, because there is food involved

Answer 29

appetitive

Question 30

____term memory is the ability to hold information in a readily available state over a short amount of time (minutes to seconds)

Answer 30

Short

Question 31

____ memory involves manipulating and updating information, typically working with short-term memory information

Answer 31

Working Memory

Question 32

What are the two types of long-term memory?

Answer 32

1) Declarative (explicit): things that you know and can tell others 2) Procedural (Implicit): know how

Question 33

Two types of declarative memory? Examples?

Answer 33

1) Episodic (remembering HS graduation) 2) Semantic (knowing capital of Australia)

Question 34

Three types of procedural memory?

Answer 34

1) Conditioning (salivating at fav food) 2) Priming (being more apt to use a word you heard recently) 3) Skill Learning (knowing how to play piano)

Question 35

True or False: Declarative memory is easier to form and to forget compared to procedural memory

Answer 35

True

Question 36

In Patient HM, experimental procedure stopped seizures but ___ was impaired

Answer 36

memory

Question 37

Prior to HM memory was thought to be distributed in the ____

Answer 37

cortex

Question 38

HM case identified ___is a structure important for memory formation/retrieval. However, memory is not stored there.

Answer 38

hippocampus (medial temporal lobe)

Question 39

What type of memory remained intact in HM's case?

Answer 39

procedural memory (multiple memory systems)

Question 40

How does information move through the hippocampus?

Answer 40

Entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus to CA3 to CA1

Question 41

How does elevated estradiol levels affect memory? How?

Answer 41

Enhances memory by increasing spine density of CA1 pyramidal cells

Question 42

Chronic stress can impair memory by causing dendritic atrophy to ___ pyramidal cells

Answer 42

CA3

Question 43

How does an adrenalectomy affect memory?

Answer 43

Impairs memory by affecting dentate gyrus (cell loss)

Question 44

Epinephrine can affect cognition. What level of epinephrine allows for optimal cognitive performance?

Answer 44

Optimal (average) epinephrine levels - inverted U

Question 45

True or False: The cognitive effect of epinephrine are dose and time dependent

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Acc to the Glucose Hypothesis, epinephrine stimulates release of _____, which then leads to improved memory and learning

Answer 46

glucose

Question 47

What evidence supports the Glucose Hypothesis?

Answer 47

If adrenergic antagonists are used to block epinephrine receptors, you no longer see the effects of epinephrine on learning/memory but glucose will still exert its effects