Lecture 11

Question 1

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 1

Passive and active

Question 2

What is passive immunity?

Answer 2

Through a mother to a foetus or injecting immunoglobulins from individuals to other individuals

Question 3

What is active immunity?

Answer 3

Can be naturally acquired to artificially acquired

Question 4

What is the half life of IgG?

Answer 4

About 3 weeks

Question 5

What causes passive immunity?

Answer 5

Hypogammaglobulinaemia

Question 6

What does hypoglobulinaemia mean?

Answer 6

Decrease infants maternal IgG

Question 7

What cause passive immunity?

Answer 7

The tetanus toxin

Question 8

What does Active immunity “exploit”?

Answer 8

Memory

Question 9

What is the secondary response like compared to the first response in active immunity?

Answer 9

Faster, better to respond and better antibodies being produced

Question 10

What is the protectant immunoglobulin?

Answer 10

IgG

Question 11

What is the process that improves affinity?

Answer 11

Somatic hyper mutation

Question 12

What is herd immunity important?

Answer 12

For the individual and the population - disease declines if majority of population is immune

Question 13

What is the threshold for a disease that needs to be under control?

Answer 13

70-80%

Question 14

What is measles caused by?

Answer 14

Excessive T cells

Question 15

What are the more serious cases of measles?

Answer 15

Brian swelling and death

Question 16

What can serious complications of measles end up with?

Answer 16

Ear infections and pneumonia

Question 17

When was the MMR vaccine introduced?

Answer 17

1988

Question 18

What % of the population needs to be immune to prevent outbreaks?

Answer 18

83-94

Question 19

What do vaccines do?

Answer 19

Introduce a protective response to the pathogen without causing disease

Question 20

What are the 5 main types of vaccines prior to November?

Answer 20

Inactived, attenuated, subunit, toxoid and conjugate

Question 21

What is a subunit vaccine?

Answer 21

When there is a fragment of the pathogen

Question 22

What is a conjugate vaccine?

Answer 22

When a protein is attached to a polysaccharide to help activate T cells and stimulate B cells

Question 23

What is an example of a subunit vaccine?

Answer 23

Hepatitis b

Question 24

What is an example of an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 24

Polio vaccine

Question 25

What has the polio vaccine now been replaced with?

Answer 25

Whooping cough vaccine

Question 26

What is an example of the attenuated vaccines?

Answer 26

Small pox

Question 27

How does attenuated vaccines work?

Answer 27

Sugar drops on your tongue

Question 28

What type of virus is the polio virus?

Answer 28

RNA

Question 29

What is polio caused by?

Answer 29

Enterovirus, spread through faceo-oral route

Question 30

How many strains of polio caused signs?

Answer 30

3

Question 31

Explain subunit vaccines

Answer 31

Small bit of the antigen which is isolated

Question 32

What is bad about subunit vaccines?

Answer 32

Some people may not respond

Question 33

What is a type of a conjugated vaccine?

Answer 33

Influenza type B

Question 34

What is reverse vaccinology?

Answer 34

Used to develop vaccine against neisseria meningitis group B

Question 35

What are adjuvants?

Answer 35

A booster that is inserted inside a vaccine to enhance a response

Question 36

What is the depot effect?

Answer 36

Antigens are able to hang round a little longer

Question 37

What can adjuvants activate?

Answer 37

Dendritic cells via TLRs or NLRs

Question 38

What can Aduvants cause a release of?

Answer 38

Danger signals

Question 39

What are recent additional vaccines?

Answer 39

MenB, Men ACWY, influenza and shingles