Lecture 10

Question 1

What is the sandfly vector for?

Answer 1

Leishmania

Question 2

What is the tsetse fly for?

Answer 2

Trypansoma app

Question 3

What is the percentage of the type of malaria that can be life threatening?

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

Why is it so hard to create a vaccine against malaria?

Answer 4

Due to different immune responses at different stages

Question 5

What are the cytotoxic T cells active against in malaria?

Answer 5

Infected liver cells

Question 6

What are the 4 different evasion mechanisms?

Answer 6

Concealment of antigens, antigenic variation, immunosupression and interference with effector mechanisms

Question 7

What are examples of concealment of antigens?

Answer 7

Privileged sites and uptake of host molecules

Question 8

What are areas of the body that contain privileged sites?

Answer 8

Brain, testes, eyes and CNS

Question 9

What is the cloaking effecting (uptake of host cells)?

Answer 9

Takes on the host molecules and cloaks itself so you can’t see the antigen

Question 10

What is an example of a disease in privileged sites?

Answer 10

Chicken pox

Question 11

What is an example of a disease in the cloaking effect?

Answer 11

Schistosomes

Question 12

Where can viruses stay dormant?

Answer 12

In the ganglion

Question 13

What is an example of a virus staying dormant in the ganglion?

Answer 13

Herpes

Question 14

What are examples of antigenic variation?

Answer 14

Mutation, recombination and gene switching

Question 15

What is a type of antigenic type?

Answer 15

Streptococcus pneumonia

Question 16

Mutations (antigen drift example)?

Answer 16

Flu, HIV, polio

Question 17

Recombination (antigenic SHIFT)?

Answer 17

Flu

Question 18

Gene switching example?

Answer 18

Trypansosomes

Question 19

What does streptococcus pneumonia cause?

Answer 19

Middle ear infection, meningitis and respiratory infections

Question 20

What is gram positive bacteria surrounded by?

Answer 20

A capsule which is a polysaccharide

Question 21

What does the polysaccharide help?

Answer 21

Protects the pathogen from by phagocytosed by macrophages and neutrophils

Question 22

What can be added to the polysaccharide?

Answer 22

Antibodies

Question 23

How many different types of capsular types are there?

Answer 23

91

Question 24

How many different types of subunits of capsular polysaccharide does a vaccine have?

Answer 24

23

Question 25

What are the two types of vaccines for streptococcus pneumonia?

Answer 25

Pneumovax and prevnar 13

Question 26

What is the streptococcus vaccine not effective in?

Answer 26

Children under 2 and people who are immunosupressed

Question 27

What type of vaccine is pneumovax?

Answer 27

Polysaccharide vaccine - contains 23 capsules

Question 28

What type of vaccine is prevnar 13?

Answer 28

Conjugated vaccine - contains 13 capsules, protein is diphtheria toxoid

Question 29

What is going to protect people from the meningitis and middle east infections?

Answer 29

The antibodies on the polysaccharide

Question 30

Can the prevnar vaccine be given to young children?

Answer 30

Yes as they have the different protein instead of making the antibodies for the polysaccharide

Question 31

What type of viruses is the influenza virus?

Answer 31

RNA with a negative sense genome

Question 32

What can the influenza virus infect?

Answer 32

Humans, birds and animas

Question 33

What are the major surface antigens in the influenza virus?

Answer 33

Haemaglgutin and neuraminidase

Question 34

What can the influenza virus undergo?

Answer 34

Antigenic drift and antigenic shift

Question 35

What does antigenic drift =

Answer 35

Mild epidemics

Question 36

What does antigenic shift =

Answer 36

Major pandemics

Question 37

What happens in antigenic drift?

Answer 37

Antibodies with hemagglutin block the host cells by neutralisation

Question 38

What is trypanosoma?

Answer 38

African sleeping sickness

Question 39

What are the symptoms of the parasite Trypansoma?

Answer 39

Tiredness and headache

Question 40

What does the Typansoma correlate with?

Answer 40

Changes in the major surface antigen

Question 41

What causes the change in the main surface antigen?

Answer 41

Genetic rearrangement

Question 42

What is the area that is changing called?

Answer 42

Variant specific glycoproteins

Question 43

What is a classical example of immunosuppressive disease?

Answer 43

HIV

Question 44

What is another way you can get immunsupression apart from infection of immune cells?

Answer 44

Induction of regulatory T cells

Question 45

What is example of induction of regulatory T cells?

Answer 45

Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori

Question 46

What cytokine do T regs make?

Answer 46

IL-10

Question 47

What is the transcription factor that T regs express?

Answer 47

FOXP3

Question 48

What biomarkers to T regs express?

Answer 48

CD4 and CD25

Question 49

What do T regs suppress?

Answer 49

Differentiation and proliferation of tH1 and tH2 cells

Question 50

What is Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 50

A gram negative bacteria

Question 51

What does it cause?

Answer 51

Gastric and duodenal ulcers

Question 52

Where can leishmania hide?

Answer 52

Macrophages

Question 53

What can leishmania increase?

Answer 53

Expression of T reg cells

Question 54

What type of virus is the measles virus?

Answer 54

RNA

Question 55

What do measles infect?

Answer 55

Dendritic cells

Question 56

What to infected dendritic cells show?

Answer 56

Increased apoptosis, decreased stimulation of T cells and decreases IL-12 production

Question 57

What does the dendritic cell act as?

Answer 57

A messenger between the innate and adaptive immune response

Question 58

What does streptococcus pneumonia make?

Answer 58

An IgA protease which chops and breaks down IgA

Question 59

What can small pox bind?

Answer 59

Cytokines

Question 60

What is the Epstein Barr virus?

Answer 60

Causes glandular fever

Question 61

What does Epstein Barr virus suppress?

Answer 61

TH1 and TH2

Question 62

What stops the fusion of the phagosome and lysosomes within the cytoplasm?

Answer 62

Tuberculosis

Question 63

Where is LPS found? And what does it induce?

Answer 63

Gram negative bacteria and induces cytokine secretion = IL-1 and TNFalpha

Question 64

What are the systemic effects of the innate system?

Answer 64

Fever, endotoxic shock and cytokine storms

Question 65

What does it mean if there is a systemic infection?

Answer 65

Cytokine release, sepsis and leads to death

Question 66

What plays a role in initiating autoimmune responses?

Answer 66

Microbes

Question 67

What type of disease is EBOLA?

Answer 67

Enveloped non-segmented negative stranded RNA

Question 68

What is the high fatality rate of EBOLA?

Answer 68

70%

Question 69

What does EBOLA infect?

Answer 69

Dendritic cells and macrophages

Question 70

What does Ebola interfere with?

Answer 70

Type 1 interferons