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Cell And Molecular Biology Of The Immune System > LECTURE 5 > Flashcards

LECTURE 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are naive T cells?

A

CD4+ and CD8+

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2
Q

What do naive T cell do after they exit the thymus?

A

Circulate in the blood passing in secondary lymphoid tissue

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3
Q

What happens if the naive T cells encounter an antigen in the secondary lymphoid areas?

A

They will proliferate

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4
Q

What do CD8+ cells do?

A

Kill infected cells

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5
Q

What do CD4+ cells do?

A

Secrete cytokines

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6
Q

What are naive T cells?

A

They are effector and memory precursor subsets

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7
Q

What cells do T cells recognise antigens on?

A

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

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8
Q

Where are APC found?

A

In the spleen and lymph nodes

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9
Q

What happens if APC are activated in the tissue?

A

They will need to find the infection so where else

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10
Q

What do T cells use to get around?

A

They use the blood and the lymphatics to get around the body

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11
Q

How do T cells enter the lymph node?

A

From the blood via high endothelial venules (HEV)

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12
Q

What is the T cell areas?

A

Is where the T cell is looking for antigens in the secondary lymphoid structures (rich in dendritic cells and macrophages)

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13
Q

What happens if a T cells is not activated?

A

They leave via the cortical sinuses and the process starts the next day till they find an antigen

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14
Q

What happens if a T cell becomes proliferated?

A

It is actively blocked

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15
Q

What do activated T cell differentiate to?

A

Effector cells and exit the lymph node

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16
Q

What does CAM =?

A

Cell adhesion molecules

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17
Q

What do chemokines and chemokines receptors do?

A

Synthesised cells and secrete cells while acting as a signpost

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18
Q

What happens with T cells in relation to chemokines?

A

T cells follow chemokines to look where they need to go

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19
Q

What are CAMs involved in?

A

Involved in holding the cells on the antigen presenting cells

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20
Q

What do CAMs mediate?

A

Cell-cell interactions

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21
Q

What are some examples of cell-cell interactions with CAMS

A

Naive T cell with HEV, T cell with APC, effector T cell with target cell

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22
Q

How do T cells contact APC?

A

Using CAMs

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23
Q

What do TCR do?

A

They scan APC peptides and MHC complexes

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24
Q

What happens if there is no recognition in APC/MHC complexes?

A

Disengages

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25
What happens if there is recognition when the TCR scans APC peptide and MHC complexes?
There is a signal from the TCR complex
26
What are the steps that happen after the signal from TCR complex?
1. Increased affinity of CAM interactions 2. T cell divides 3. T cell differentiate to effector cells and exist the lymph nodes
27
What is the LFA-1?
Leukocyte function associated antigen
28
What is ICAM-1?
Intercellular adhesion molecule
29
What do LFA-1 and ICAM-1 do?
Allow to cell to stick together while the decisions are being made
30
What affinity do T cells need?
Medium affinity
31
What does CD4 interact with?
Class II
32
What do CD8 interact with?
Class I
33
What happens once the T cell recognises the peptide on an MHC?
It drives a signal to alter and LFA1 binds to ICAM-1 making a better and more secure binding
34
Where does the first signal come from?
CD3 complex
35
How many signals does the T cell need to become fully activated?
3
36
What is signal 2?
CD28 complex
37
What is signal 3?
Cytokines
38
Why does T cells need signal 3?
To become an effector
39
How does the signal cause an effect?
The effector cells recognise the T cells and this is what starts the signal
40
What happens once T cells are activated by 3 signals?
They will proliferate and express ICO3 and CTLA-4
41
What does ICOS do?
Binds ICOSL on APC to induce cytokine secretion by T cells
42
What does CTLA-4 do?
Highly related to CD28 and shows a stronger binding than CD28
43
What does the binding of CTLA-4 do?
Delivers a negative signal to the activated T cell
44
What is CTLA-4?
It is an antagonist and limits the T cell response
45
What does CTLA-4 bind?
B7 and displaces the positive signal from CD28
46
What happens if you have a mutation in CTLA-4?
You have an over responsive immune response
47
What are they treating cancer patients with to enhance the immune response?
Anti-CTLA-4
48
Where is co-stimulation found?
On antigen presenting cells - CD28 and B71
49
What happens when there is activation of APC by pathogens?
It induces co-stimulation expression
50
What does the innate immune response do?
Upregulates b71/2 to allow for signal 2
51
What is the danger signal?
Ability to upregulates co-stimulatory molecules as a consequence of patten recognition receptor engagement
52
How many different signal 3s can happen depending on the effector?
3
53
TFG-beta signal 3 =?
Treg cells
54
IL-6 signal 3?
TFH cells
55
TFG-beta and IL-6 signal 3=?
TH17 cells
56
IL-12 and IFN-gamma signal 3?
Th1 cells
57
Il-4 signal 3?
TH2 cells
58
What are dendritic cells useful for?
Activation of naive T cells
59
What do macrophages and B cells do for T cells?
Present antigen in order to receive help from effector T cells
60
What are myeloid conventional DC cells also known as?
Dendritic cells
61
What are plasmacytoid DC cells helpful for?
Viral infection and secrete type 1 alpha and beta interferons
62
What do myeloid conventional cells do?
They sense danger as they have pattern recognition receptors
63
What happens once myeloid conventional cells sense danger?
They upregulates B7
64
Where are myeloid conventional cells located?
They are located in the peripheral sites and migrate to the lymph node which is where T cells are
65
What are examples of myeloid conventional cells?
DC(2.3)
66
What is the level of co-stimulatory molecules for DC(2,3)?
Very high
67
What do DC(2,3) express?
Adhesion molecules
68
What is cross presentation?
Some specialised proteins will take up proteins from the outside rather than presenting on class II they do on class I
69
What do macrophages express?
They express class II and B7
70
What happens when macrophages are activated by T cells?
They secrete inflammatory cytokines
71
Are macrophages good at phagocytosis?
Yes
72
Are b cells good at phagocytosis?
No
73
What does antigen binding to BCR do?
Upregulates B7 (provides signal 2 to activate T cells)
74
What is IL-2?
It is a potent autocrine T cell growth factor
75
What happens when IL-2 binds to IL-2R on an activated T cell?
Lots of T cell proliferation
76
What does IL-2 allow?
Rapid division of T cells, expands population of Ag-specific
77
What is IL-2 a target of?
Immunosuppressive drugs e.g. cyclosporine
78
What do effector T cells do?
Change expression of adhesion molecules
79
How is CD8 activated?
High levels of co-stimulatory activity and directly by infected APCs

Cell And Molecular Biology Of The Immune System (12 decks)

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