Lecture 11

Question 1

motor behaviour requires cooperation between what systems

Answer 1

nervous system
musculoskeletal system

Question 2

what is the nervous system responsible for

Answer 2

orchestrating the plan of action

Question 3

what is the musculoskeletal system responsible for

Answer 3

execution and ongoing control

Question 4

motor control is not localised within the brain it is distributed throughout the ..

Answer 4

Central Nervous System

Question 5

what are the 4 main systems involved in motor planning and execution and what are they involved in

Answer 5

limbic system: deciding to act

association cortex: response selection

projection system: scaling / fine tuning

spinal system: execution and feedback

Question 6

what does the limbic system influence

Answer 6

the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system

Question 7

what does the limbic system include

Answer 7

amygdala (emotional processing)

cingulate gyrus

parts of the hypothalamus

hippocampus (memory > motor learning)

Question 8

Roles of the limbic system

Answer 8

Motivation, emotion, learning and memory

Question 9

Response selection / developing a plan

Answer 9

• retrieving a motor program
  -Short/ long term memory
  -Implicit /explicit

Question 10

what do association areas integrate in response selection

Answer 10

sensory and motor functions

Question 11

what are association cortices near (example using auditory)

Answer 11

they are near primary sensory cortex of the same type

example : auditory association cortex = next to primary auditory cortex

Question 12

what do association areas do

Answer 12

recognition of relevant inputs

make sense of input

integration of input into motor response

Question 13

what are the appropriate parameters that selected when scaling / fine tuning the motor control programs

Answer 13

force
displacement
velocity
body segment
posture
muscle groups

Question 14

parameter selection in fine tuning depends on information from input of what

Answer 14

environment
body
task

Question 15

what is included in the projection system

Answer 15

cerebral cortex

basal ganglia

cerebellum

Question 16

what is included in the cerebral cortex

Answer 16

motor cortex

pre motor cortex

supplementary motor area

parietal cortex

Question 17

what is included in the spinal system

Answer 17

brain stem

corticospinal tracts

spinal cords with central nerves

Question 18

3 roles of the spinal system in motor control

Answer 18

carry information from CNS to neuromuscular system (efferent information)

carry information from periphery to CNS (afferent information)

information processing at the spinal level = spinal reflexes

Question 19

is spinal cord and spinal column the same thing

Answer 19

no they are different

Question 20

what is the spinal cord

Answer 20

bundle of nerves running from brain to muscles and sensors

Question 21

what is the major function of the vertebral column

Answer 21

protection of the spinal cord

Question 22

where are more than half of the neurons in the brain located

Answer 22

located in the cerebellum

Question 23

what does the cerebellum have a significant role in

Answer 23

timing and motor learning

Question 24

what does the cerebellum activate well in advance of and what does this indicate

Answer 24

well in advance of the EMG trace and indicates involvement with motor planning

Question 25

damage to the cerebellum leads to hypotonia and ataxia and this means the person can have trouble with :

Answer 25

regulation of muscle tone = gait cycle and the heel to toe action coordination = balance timing learning

Question 26

what are the roles of the basal ganglia (3)

Answer 26

activation or retrieval of movement plans scaling of movement parameters (velocity, amplitude, direction) movement preparation

Question 27

what are 4 characteristics of huntington’s disease

Answer 27

clumsiness forgetfulness uncontrollable ballistic movements dementia

Question 28

what are 5 characteristics of parkinson’s disease

Answer 28

dopamine deficit which is normally produced in the basal ganglia shuffling gait resting tremor slow initiation of movements (akinesia) resistance to tugging (rigidity)

Question 29

the motor cortex is a …… rather than a planning centre

Answer 29

motor cortex is a trigger centre

Question 30

signals in the motor cortex occur around …. before electrical activity in the muscles which shows …

Answer 30

around 50ms before electrical activity in the muscles this shows NOT involved in planning, but execution

Question 31

The motor cortex is apart of the what lobe

Answer 31

Fontal lobe

Question 32

how are body areas represented in the motor cortex and what areas are larger

Answer 32

represented geographically, larger areas have more neurons which allows for more fine tuning of movements in those areas of the body (e.g eyes)

Question 33

what does pre motor cortex control

Answer 33

proximal muscles : trunk and shoulders

Question 34

where are anticipatory postural adjustments coordinated

Answer 34

in the pre motor cortex

Question 35

what does anticipatory postural adjustments adapt and prepare

Answer 35

adapts the body position for movements prepares postural muscle to stabilise for movements

Question 36

what does SMA stand for

Answer 36

supplementary motor area

Question 37

what is the supplementary motor area involved in

Answer 37

complex movements

Question 38

when is the supplementary motor area activated

Answer 38

long before onset

Question 39

what does the supplementary motor area do

Answer 39

high level of planning production of complex movement sequences

Question 40

in PET scans when is the SMA found to be active

Answer 40

active during movement and when imagining same movement

Question 41

in PET scans when is the MC found to be active

Answer 41

only active when actually performing the movement

Question 42

Parietal cortex

Answer 42

Association between sight and sound, movement and sensory consequence etc

Question 43

what does damage to the parietal cortex cause

Answer 43

apraxia spatial neglect

Question 44

what is the brain stem the last stop before

Answer 44

last stop before the spinal cord

Question 45

what are the two directions that the brain stem works in

Answer 45

transports signals from spinal cord to rest of the brain transports motor commands from NS to motor neurons in spinal cord