Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHYSL 372 > Lecture 11 - Neuroprostheses > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Neuroprostheses Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

electronic devices that stimulate nerves to improve bodily functions lost as a result of damage to the peripheral or central nervous system

A

neuroprostheses (NPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neuroprosthesis is also known as:

A

functional electrical stimulation (FES) or functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

neuroprostheses can restore some motor, sensory, and autonomic functions by:

A

stimulating various parts of the nervous system including muscles, nerves, the spinal cord, and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

an injury to the spinal cord can disrupt communications between the brain and body, leading to:

A

a loss of control over otherwise intact neuromuscular systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are two major benefits to using neuroprostheses?

A
  • can postpone or prevent secondary medical complications
  • can improve functional indipendence (by providing a means to exercise and negotiate physical barriers)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the five basic components of functional electrical stimulation (FES)?

A
  • power supplies (external or implanted)
  • control circuit (the “brain”)
  • lead wires (connectors)
  • electrodes
  • sensors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the interface between the external circuitry and the tissue to be stimulated

A

electrodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the electrodes act as a _____, delivering electrical charge from a power supply to the tissue

A

conductor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when does charge tranfser occur?

A

when voltage applied between the active and reference electrodes generates an electric field, in turn forcing electric charge to flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the target for functional electrical stimulation (FES)?

A

muscles and nerves that are not denervated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which requires smaller charge densities: stimulation to the nerves or stimulation to the muscle fibers?

A

stimulation to the nerves (consumes less power and avoids tissue damage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

see slide 216

A

diagrams are cool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the two major types of neuroprostheses?

A

surface FES devices and implanted FES devices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

type of neuroprosthetic where electrodes are placed over the surface of the skin to stimulate motor points

A

surface FES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the advantages to surface FES?

A

easy appllication (no surgery required), and the electrodes are easily replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the disadvantages to surface FES?

A

less targetted stimulation, less accurate positioning, and need re-application with each use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

type of neuroprosthetic where electrodes are implanted near their targets

A

implanted FES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the advantages to implanted FES?

A

target application with smaller current densities used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the disadvantages to implanted FES?

A

requires implantation (surgical and infection risk), long-term effects of a foreign body, and replacement of the electrode is difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what types of conditions may benefit from neurophrostheses?

A

clinical conditions where there are disruptions in the nervous system with an intact pathway for stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

spinal cord injury disrupts the:

A

central nervous system efferent and afferent pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions below the spinal cord injury level can lead to:

A
  • motor weakness/paralysis
  • sensory impairment
  • bowel and bladder dysfunction
  • sexual dysfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

FES for upper extremity functional restoration is a method for:

A

hand and arm function gain after C5/C6 level spinal cord injury (SCI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

with FES for upper extremity functional restoration, muscle contractions can be stimulated to produce:

A
  • handgrip
  • hold and release of cylindrical objects (cups)
  • lateral gripping for small, thin objects (keys, pen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
FES for upper extremity functional restoration can be coupled with _____ to maximize function
tendon transfer surgery
26
list two examples of a surface stimulation device for upper extremity functional restoration
- bionic glove - MydnMove
27
give an example of an implanted stimulation device for upper extremity functional restoration
the Freehand system
28
a fingerless glove with surface electrodes on the hand and forearm that detect voluntary wrist movement in the handle to control movements of the hand
the Bionic glove
29
extension of the handle in the bionic glove causes:
gripping movement of the hand
30
flexion of the handle in the bionic glove causes:
opening of the hand
31
what are the long term effects of using the bionic glove?
improved grip strength and reduced time to perform functional activities
32
system consists of a stimulator implanted in the chest wall that is connected to electrodes implanted on the motor points of the arm and hand muscles for people with C5 complete injury
the freehand system
33
with the freehand system, contralateral should movement causes:
functional hand grasp opening and closing
34
is the freehand system still availble to use?
despite its clinical succes, it is no longer marketed by the company
35
36
a multichannel system using one simulator where surface electrodes along the upper extremity can generate complex functional movements (like holding a pen, bringing the hand to the mouth, reaching, picking up and manipulating objects)
MyndMove
37
surface neuroprostheses that enhance gait may be helpful to people with spinal cord injury (SCI) with a foot drop by:
causing ankle dorsiflexion when sensors are triggered
38
list two examples of neuroprostheses that enhance gait
- bioness L300 - walkaide
39
implanted neuroprostheses may be useful for people with thoracic level spinal cord injury (SCI) with stimulated contractions of the lower extremity muscles enabling:
standing and stepping
40
8+ channels of continuous stimulation to the knee, hip, and trunkextensors can power the:
sit to stand transition and cupport the body vertically against collapse
41
for people with incomplete SCI, gait training with FES can have a:
therapeutic effect (to improve strength, walking speed, stride length, and cadence)
42
see slides 238-239
neat pictures
43
what are the effects of using continuous FES to stiffen the paralyzed trunk and hip extensors?
- can correct hyphotic seated postures - normalize lateral vertebral alignment - improve ventilation - alter interface pressures - expand bimanual workspace
44
what is the effect of FES on seated posture?
by stimulating trunk and hip muscles, significant changes in posterior pelvic tilts andd shoulder height are recorded
45
true or false: neuroprostheses can restore diaphragm function and enhance cough after SCI
true
46
diaphramatic contraction through neuroprostheses may be achieved by:
- stimulation of the phrenic nerve - direct stimulation of the motor points in the diaphragm
47
see slide 245
cool diagram
48
requires surgical implantation of electrodes to the phrenic nerve via cervical or throacic approach
stimulation of the phrenic nerve (ex: Avery system)
49
requires laparoscopic implantation of electrodes to the diaphragm
direct stimulation of the motor points in the diaphragm (ex: diaphragm pacing)
50
- allows people with high cervical level SCI to be weaned off of medical ventilation - decreases the risk of pulmonary infections - allows for speech production and singing - increased mobility without a medical ventilator - improve quality of life these are all benefits fo:
diaphragm pacing
51
which is more invasive: phrenic nerve or diaphramatic stimulation?
phrenic nerve stimulation
52
which has the potential for direct injury: phrenic nerve or diaphramatic stimulation?
phrenic nerve stimulation
53
which requires mapping of motor points during surgery: phrenic nerve or diaphramatic stimulation?
diaphramatic stimulation
54
which has the longer recovery time: phrenic nerve or diaphramatic stimulation?
phrenic nerve stimulation
55
stronger cough can be restored in people with cervical and thoracic level injuries through:
spinal cord stimulation with surgically implanted electrodes between T9-T11
56
- improvements in ease in raising secretions - reduction in the incidence of respiratory tract infections - reduced need for caregiver support - improvement in overall quality of life these are all benefits of:
restoration of cough
57
loss of bladder control after SCI causes:
significant morbidity and mortality
58
implanted neuroprostheses have been developed to provide stimulation to ____ in order to control bladder contraction
sacral nerve roots
59
what is the main drawback for developing a neuroprosthetic to restore bladder control?
the need for dorsal rhizotomy (surgery) to decrease sensory afferent stimulation to the spinal cord, limiting its application
60
see slide 255
cool diagram
61
what are the two main issues with gait restoration through surface and implanted systems?
- many key muscles lie deep in the leg and are not accesible with surface systems - even with an implantable system, many channels will be needed to stimulate these muscles
62
involves implantation of ultrafinite microwires precisely into the anterior horn of the lumbar enlargement - a single electrode can thus stimulate a synergist group of muscles
intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) for gait resotration
63
intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) requires much less stimulation than _____ for the same muscle contractions
surface stimulation
64
a non-invasive form of neuromodulation in which electrodes are placed on the skin and are used to stimulate the spinal circuitries via an electric current
transcutaneous stimulation for motor and autonomic function restoration
65
transcutaneous stimulation is a less invasive alternative to:
epidural stimulation
66
transcutaneous stimulation over the spinal cord is now showing promise to:
restore blood pressure
67
what is the potential mechanism for autonomic cardiovascular restoration through transcutaneous stimulation?
dorsal afferents exciting inter/intrasegmental neurons, leading to sympathetic preganglionic nerve excitation
68
one of the most common complications after SCI
pressure injuries (pressure ulcers, pressure sores, bed sores)
69
what are the risk factors for pressure injury after SCI?
- immobility - muscle atrophy - urinary incontinence
70
pressure injury prevention can be achieved through:
surface and implanted electrical stimulation
71
intermittent electrical stimulation of the gluteus maximus muscle through surface stimulation can redistribute pressure, improve tissue oxygen, and reduce deformation fo the muscle tissues
"Smart-e-pants"
72
implatned electrode stimulation of the inferior gluteal nerve (innervates the gluteus maximus) is shown to:
redistribute pressure and increase muscle thickness

PHYSL 372 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions