Lecture 12-13 Outline Flashcards

Question

What does nuclei imply?

Answer 1

implies that groups of neurons that do similar things are grouped together & that group of neurons is called a nucleus

Answer 2

myelinated axons | - kind of like wires - sending info from 1 place to the other (lot of processing being done)

Answer 3

knot of cells (often used for collections of neurons outside the CNS, but there are some within the brain & spinal cord) - kind of the same as nucleus (mean the same) - "groups of neurons"

Answer 4

sliced from one side of the head straight through the other

Answer 5

in the pons & cerebellum

Answer 6

inside - axons from neurons that have their cell bodies in the grey matter - myelinated axons in the white going to various places

Answer 7

- bony skull & vertebral column - wrapped by 3 protective & nourishing membranes called MENINGES - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - Blood-Brain barrier

Answer 8

- both made of bones - very hard structures - 1 of the main jobs is to form a protective layer over the CNS (b/c CNS is fragile & needs to be protected)

Answer 9

3 protective & nourishing membranes that wrap the CNS to support & protect it

Answer 10

- specialized X-ray that takes pics sequentially (so 1 after the other) - X-rays are digitalized & a special computer program assembles them & allows us to get an idea of the 3-D structure - series of images starting from back of someones head, moving to the front

Answer 11

- "HARD mother" in Latin - tough, leathery layer - immediately inside the skull - helps HOLD your brain & spinal cord IN PLACE/hold still - also a PHYSICAL protection - if someone has a skull injury (fractured skull), this is helping PREVENT that object that hit their head from PENETRATING into the brain itself - FORMS RESERVOIRS which is important for the circulation of your brain OUTER MEMBRANE OF THE MENINGES

Answer 12

- lots of veins that are draining blood that collects in the dural sinus (so blood thats been circulating in your brain), & some of that is pushed out through the skull through these these emissary veins

Answer 13

b/c your skull is one of the places where some of your blood vessels/veins draining your brain are actually collecting that blood & will eventually get recirculated back to the rest of your body

Answer 14

- middle of Dura Matter - part of the circulatory system - it's venous - so it is continuous with the veins that are draining the blood from the brain - a reservoir where blood is collecting after being drained from the brain itself - a # of small veins that exit from the Dural Sinus & will eventually go out through the skull (exit) & out through your scalp

Answer 15

- soft & delicate - directly ontop of the surface of the hemispheres of the brain of the cerebrum - another 1 of the meningia layers - very tightly & closely associated with the neural tissue underneath

Answer 16

- called this b/c the hashes on diagram look like spider webs - layer in middle - connected to the Pia matter by very fine fibrous structures THE MIDDLE MEMBRANE LAYER OF THE MENINGES

Answer 17

- bits connecting Arachnoid membrane to the Pia | - fine spider web like processes that hold the Arachnoid to the Pia

Answer 18

projections from the Arachnoid membrane, into the dural sinuses & other sinuses within the dura matter that will play an imp. role in the movement of CSF

Answer 19

b/c if you get an infection there it is a really good pathway for bacteria to make it into your CNS, causing a life threatening infection

Answer 20

some veins pass thru the skull (b/c you can get bacteria in there)

Answer 21

is a contagious bacterial, virus or fungal infection of the meninges cause swelling & pressure on the brain - which is bad b/c neurons don't like to be subjected to pressure (bad implication for circulation & the way they fire APs) - gets bad fast - if untreated can end in death - concern in young adults (hs or uni) - more common in large groups of people

Answer 22

- epidural bleeding (b/t the skull & dura) - subdural bleeding (b/t the dura & arachnoid) - subarachnoid bleeding (b/t the arachnoid membrane & the pia matter)

Answer 23

b/t the skull & dura - Natasha Richardson had this from skiing injury & died

Answer 24

b/t the dura & arachnoid

Answer 25

b/t the arachnoid membrane & the Pia matter

Answer 26

ventricles (lateral-->3rd-->4th) & flows throughout the subarachnoid space (& subdural space) where it cushions the CNS (b/t the brain & skull) - stops the brain from smashing up against the side of skull where it gets tossed around (think egg in water vs egg no water in jar)

Answer 27

- secretes CSF | - within the neurons, there are specialized cells derived from the ependymal cells

Answer 28

pushing through dura & into dura sinus (like a blister)

Answer 29

circulating around the brain is getting collected up the venous drainage of the brain & from there its going to make it back out into your blood stream

Answer 30

b/c it keeps the fluid in constant motion - in that way the CSF can collect up some of the waste from the brain & bring it out & dump it into the circulation to be dealt with appropriately

Answer 31

1. Produced by CHOROID PLEXUS in the ventricles 2. Exits brain thru (2 pores) foramen of MAGENDIE & foramen of LUSCHKA (median & lateral) 3. Some CIRCULATES around the SPINAL CORD, some circulates INTO SUBARACHNOID SPACE 4. Enters ARACHNOID VILLI (granulations), & crosses into VENOUS BLOOD

Answer 32

1. Helps MAINTAIN proper SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS in the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons ex: if there is high concen. of K+; some can get mopped up by glial cells & some make its way out into the CSF & carry away from the brain) 2. Helps REMOVE WASTE ex: metabolic waste 3. Provides a CUSHION for the brain - most anatomical function - so when your head moves around; your brain & spinal cord don't bang into the side of your skull *neural tissue is delicate & easily damaged & so it PREVENTS IT FROM PHYSICAL DAMAGE OF BRAIN & SPINAL CORD

Answer 33

barrier b/t the interstitial fluid (that surrounds neurons) of the brain & the plasma - due to the specialized anatomy of blood vessels in the CNS - keeps UNwanted materials OUT, keeps WANTED materials IN (the brain)

Answer 34

Endothelial cells are NOT connected & have pores (called fenestrations - small holes) connecting luminal to extraluminal side: What happens: - liquid portion of your blood (plasma) carrying solutes is free to diffuse OUT of a BLOOD VESSEL & come into CONTACT with SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS for ex & similarly, material can diffuse INTO these blood vessels (very, very leaky)

Answer 35

``` endothelial cells (within blood vessels) joined by TIGHT JUNCTIONS - means cells itself are connected by proteins that DON'T permeate the movement of solute or liquid b/t those 2 cells ``` surrounded by ASTROCYTE (within CNS) ENDFEET - form structures called endfeet that are lil projections that surround all the blood vessels - joined by tight junctions --> solute is NOT free to move b/t those joints - it forms a protective layer (blood vessels are wrapped) end result of that is, hydrophilic substances (water soluble - even glucose) in the blood, must be transported across those cellular layers to make it into the interstitial fluid & eventually into the neuron - same goes for signalling molecules - like peptide based hormone - have to be transported from blood to interstitial fluid - likewise any materials secreted by neurons/glial cells must be transported to get into the circulation - hydrophilic molecules (like ex ethanol) is fat soluble & can diffuse across those cell membranes & directly contact neurons

Answer 36

``` only LIPOPHILIC (fatty - fatty soluble) molecules can diffuse across (freely pass from the circulation into the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons) - steroids, ethanol, nicotine, Benadryl ``` POLAR, HYDROPHILIC molecules can only cross via transporters - insulin, glucose, Na+

Answer 37

- the antihistamine in this can diffuse across those cell membranes & contact neurons - allergy medicine (meant to have a proiferal effect) - but b/c it is lipophilic it can move from the circulation & come into contact with neurons therefore it can actually inhibit the activity of neurons by acting @ histamine receptors - if you're effecting those histamine receptors in the brain that is 1 of the reasons why benadryl causes drowsiness b/c the histamine antagonist is actually acting on neurons where its not meant to act

Answer 38

- major pathway b/t the brain & skin, muscle, joints, & organs (parts of the body we call the periphery) - 4 levels - organized into segments - spinal cord has its own internal circuitry to mediate simple reflexes & generates complicated control programs, such as rhythmic patterns used for walking

Answer 39

- cervical (parts of the spinal cord in your neck), thoracic ("" check), lumbar ("" lower back), sacral (also coccygeal) ("" very lower back, near pelvis) - 31 pairs of spinal nerves in total - after L1-L2, the SC consist of thick elongated nerve roots called CAUDA EQUINA

Answer 40

- cervical (parts of the spinal cord in your neck), thoracic ("" check), lumbar ("" lower back), sacral (also coccygeal) ("" very lower back, near pelvis) - 31 pairs of spinal nerves in total - after L1-L2, the SC consist of thick elongated nerve roots called CAUDA EQUINA

Answer 41

after L1-L2, the SC consists of thick elongated nerve roots - "horsetail" - connection of nerve roots - there are a lot of axons that have diverged from the spinal cord up higher & by the time you get to this lower region there isn't a whole lot left

Answer 42

each segment has bilateral (2) sets of roots - dorsal (sensory) - ventral (control/motor)

Answer 43

the circuity req for this doesn't req your brain @ all, it ONLY requires the axons that are innerating those muscles, neurons in the spinal cord & the axons exiting the spinal cord - doesn't req anything above the level of your spinal cord

Answer 44

all the circuity for that is located in the spinal cord - so walking for ex - the circuity req for the act of walking (simple rhythmic movement of your legs - coordinated movement of your legs) all of that is in place with the spinal cord itself - the input that's needed for the control of walking comes from your brain & levels above your spinal cord

Answer 45

spinal cord

Answer 46

nerves that contain #'s of axons | - can differentiate which is which simply by the presence of this enlargement

Answer 47

- carrying Efferent axons | - those axons will control skeletal muscle, function of some of the organs etc.

Answer 48

carry sensory axons, carrying info into the CNS | - ENLARGED is ALWAYS the dorsal root (found in your back)

Answer 49

contain neurons that regulate the ANS or are an intrenget part of the ANS

Answer 50

point that they (roots?) join up

Answer 51

- found in the periphery | - contains various kinds of sensors for (temp, touch etc)

Answer 52

a bunch of these will come together to form these spinal nerves

Answer 53

- b/c they only have 1 process that's exiting the cell body | - have an axon neuron that is specialized for carrying info over long distances

Answer 54

formed by myelinated axons | - REVERSED outside now (opp. from brain)

Answer 55

formed by neuronal cell bodies, dendrites & unmyelinated synapses, etc - REVERSED now, inside (opp. from brain)

Answer 56

``` carries sensory (afferent) info to CNS - enlargement that contains CELL BODIES of those sensory neurons ```

Answer 57

carries motor (efferent) info to muscles & glands

Answer 58

spinal nerve

Answer 59

each segment of the spinal cord is gonna have a pair of dorsal roots & a pair of ventral roots & these will merge together & eventually form a spinal nerve

Answer 60

enlargement that contains sensory neuron cell bodies

Answer 61

neurons part of a local processing circuit - meant to process sensory info that is coming from your viscera (from various ORGANS for ex)

Answer 62

2nd order sensory neurons (means they receive a synapse from the 1st order primary sensory neurons) - cell bodies in there receive some of the sensory info

Answer 63

- send axons out through ventral roots | - contribute to the autonomic control of your organs

Answer 64

- in the very ventral aspect | - control SKELETAL MUSCLE

Answer 65

Ascending tracts: - on dorsal surface - carry sensory info Descending tracts: - info on axons that will control skeletal muscle & organs

Answer 66

1. Midbrain 2. Pons, & 3. Medulla cerebellum NOT considered brainstem

Answer 67

(phylogenetically) oldest region of the brain transition to the SC consists of - midbrain - pons - medulla - (NOT CEREBELLUM!!!) most of cranial nerves (10/12 pairs of nerves) arise from brain stem - pairs of nerves emerging from CNS that carry SENSORY INFO (from eyes, ears, sense of balance, taste - some carry info that controls your mouth, tongue, movement of your eyes etc) - sensory, motor (that control the functioning on your organs), or both (either carry sensory info back & motor info out & some are mixed - carry both)

Answer 68

- receives & integrates incoming sensory input - plays critical role in AROUSAL (wakefulness - whether or not your awake & whether or not you can focus on certain kinds of info) - gives rise to groups of DIFFUSE MODULATORY NEURONS - means diffused, so there is no real structure to this part - diffused collection of cell bodies

Answer 69

contains neuronal clusters (nuclei) that control (these bodily functions) HEART & BLOOD VESSEL function, RESPIRATION, & many DIGESTIVE functions - better organized

Answer 70

acts as a RELAY station for CEREBELLUM & CEREBRUM: plays role in regulating MUSCLE REFLEXES involved in EQUILIBRIUM & POSTURE

Answer 71

key part in brain for your ability to maintain POSTURE, sense of BALANCE & EQUILIBRIUM

Answer 72

integrating station | - info flows back & forth between this & cerebellum - allowing a sense of equilibrium in your posture

Answer 73

- critical relay for visual (from eyes) & auditory (from ears) info - governs movement of the eyes (dilation & constriction of your pupils) - gives rise to groups of DIFFUSE MODULATORY NEURONS

Answer 74

long, slow regulation of behaviour of neurons & its usually through the actions of GPCR for norepinephrine, dopamine, & serotonin - group of neurons in here (only a few 1000 of those neurons - but they send axons nonetheless through the brain, through the cerellum & down through the spinal cord) - don't act to directly stimulate AP's, but they have subtle modulatory influences on the electrical behaviour of the way neurons work for acetylcholine - similarly, several 100 000 but these diffuse modulatory neurons that spread their axons all throughout the brain - don't just project to a single location

Answer 75

processes sensory info from muscles, joints, vestibular system, eyes - integrates POSITION & MOVEMENT of body with intent to move body - important in maintaining BALANCE & CONTROLS EYE MOVEMENTS (if you close your eyes & stand on 1 foot - sense of balance is inhibited drastically & that is b/c of info coming through your visual system & being integrated within your cerebellum) - enhances MUSCLE TONE & COORDINATES skilled, VOLUNTARY movements (reach across table to grab a pencil) - plays a role in planning & initiating VOLUNTARY activity by providing input to cortical motor areas (preplan a coordination before you do it) - STORES PROCEDURAL MEMORIES (motor learning - learn how to do something, ex: learning to shoot a puck in top shelf (practiced) these procedural memories are stored in the cerebellum) also has recently discovered function in cognition (ability to think) & emotional processes derives from same developmental tissue from the pons (even though it is NOT part of brainstem) POSITION OF THE BRAIN THAT COORDINATES THE EXECUTION OF MOVEMENT

Answer 76

- main relay centre for most types of info - receives info from almost every area of the CNS, & sends info to these same areas - sensory, emotional, motor, arousal - all have a synaptic relay or synapse at the level of your thalamus PORTION OF THE BRAIN THAT SERVES AS A RELAY STATION FOR INFO GOING TO & FROM HIGHER BRAIN CENTERS

Answer 77

- you might think it will be more efficient if you just send an axon from point A to point B, instead of sending it to from a relay in the thalamus 1st or from the synaptic connection there - whole point of having more synaptic connections is yes there is a loss of speed b/c there has to be a synapse, but you get info processing/integration, so you allow info that's going to the cortex to be integrated with other info from other areas (helps contextualize your info)

Answer 78

below thalamus brain area most involved in directly regulating internal environment (internal) REGION OF THE BRAIN THAT CONTAINS CENTERS FOR BEHAVIOURAL DRIVES & PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN HOMEOSTASIS

Answer 79

- controls body temp - controls thirst & urine output - controls food intake - controls anterior pituitary hormone secretion - produces vasopressin & oxytocin (neuroendocrines) - controls uterine contractions & milk ejection - serves as a major ANS coordinating center - plays role in emotional & behaviour patterns, including reproduction, SEXUAL ORIENTATION?

Answer 80

in 1991 Simon LeVay published a paper indicating a morphological difference in a nucleus of the hypothalamus b/t gay & straight men (INAH3 - small area of hypothalamus) - the area in gay men was anatomically more similar to females suggested "sexual orientation has a biological substrate" - often misinterpreted - very controversial findings - LeVay accused of being biased (b/c he is gay)

Answer 81

LARGEST & most DISTINCT part of human brain (makes up about 80% of total brain weight) - our intelligence really comes about b/c of a massive enlargement of our cerebrum - compared to other animals (especially other mammals) folded, showing gyri & sulci (peaks & valleys) - these are used as landmarks evolutionarily, the newest several parts - cortex - white matter - basal ganglia - limbic system LARGEST REGION OF THE BRAIN

Answer 82

- cortex - white matter - basal ganglia - limbic system

Answer 83

OUTER surface is highly convoluted cerebral cortex - HIGHEST, MOST COMPLEX INTEGRATING area of the brain - plays key role in most SOPHISTICATED neural functions (math, language, music) each half of cortex divided into 5 major lobes LITERALLY, BARK; THE OUTER OR SURFACE PORTION OF AN ORGAN

Answer 84

1. occipital 2. temporal 3. parietal 4. frontal 5. insular*

Answer 85

for 2 reasons: 1. it's not obvious looking @ the brain from the surface view 2. sometimes textbooks don't include it at all

Answer 86

Skeletal muscle movement - primary motor cortex - motor association area (premotor cortex) prefrontal association area

Answer 87

are critically involved in PLANNING OF MOVEMENT - get info from BG, cerebellum & somatic sensory cortex - activation of these neurons is what triggers activation of neurons within your SC; sends neurons down into SC to those motor neurons & ultimately let you grab your coffee cup thinking of picking up coffee mug then activate these - these neurons become activated & fire APs & process info that they need to do to help coordinate movement - proper signals will get sent from neurons to SC to activate right set of motor neurons to grab cup

Answer 88

frontal & parietal lobe are differentiated by this one major groove (central sulcus) - anterior to that is gonna be the frontal lobe - posterior to that is gonna be the parietal lobe

Answer 89

processing textures, touch, temp info from your skin primary somatic sensory cortex & sensory association area

Answer 90

sensation of processing of sensory info from you body - have the ability to discriminate b/t a smooth surface & a rough surface - 1st area of processing

Answer 91

adjacent area - understand more of the properties of what you're touching - 2nd area of processing - able to associate smooth/rough surface with other simultaneous stimuli & make a judgement as to what that particular stimulus is - different properties of keyboard your touching

Answer 92

vision visual cortex - 1st area of processing - "this item is red" or "this item is round" visual association area - 2nd area of processing - "oh, it's a red ball" allow increase level processing of the info acquired in the visual cortex

Answer 93

Hearing Auditory cortex - 1st place where auditory info is transmitted Auditory association area - then goes here to understand & process

Answer 94

"insulated" - it's hidden, it's sheltered taste - gustatory cortex smell - olfactory cortex

Answer 95

2 halves of the brain are NOT identical, - left-handed persons brain is NOT a mirror image of right-handed person's - for most people language processing, math processing occur on the left side - 95% right handed people left dominant for language (means their language is processed on the left side of the brain - this doesn't necessarily mean that theres language processing on the right side - in fact there is very little on the right side of most peoples brain & its not reflective in whether or not your left handed or right handed) - but only 20% left handed people right dominant for language; many lefties process language on both sides (i.e. it's complicated) **Take home message: often many functions are localized to one side of the brain, not always bilaterally localized - for most people spatial recognition (if you were blind folded & someone put you into a building & you recognized where you were), face recognition, aspects of emotion processing & artistic functions occur on the right side (1 side of the brain) - not always true

Answer 96

lateralization does NOT refer to right brain person (creative, artistic) vs left brain (logical & analytical): this idea from 1960's is considered scientifically unsound

Answer 97

some things are localized to one side or the other, some things are found on both sides ex's on page 56

Answer 98

the process of language

Answer 99

- are axons that go from W's to B's & vice versa | - those 2 areas communicate to each other

Answer 100

audio (listening to language) or visual (reading language) info

Answer 101

sensory input goes from audio or visual cortex to Wernicke's, then to Broca's - following integration b/t these 2 areas, info from Broca's to motor cortex to initiate spoken or written action

Answer 102

inability to comprehend or formulate langauge

Answer 103

- difficulty understanding spoken or visual language (Receptive aphasia) - -> understanding when someone is speaking to you or writing or both or 1 or the other - speech may be nonsensical b/c of trouble connecting words with meaning (word salad, Jargon aphasia) - have real words & the real words can come out of their mouth perfectly formed, but they can't string them together in a proper sentence - a bunch of words will just come out of their mouth, but there is no logical meaning for any of that

Answer 104

- often can interpret simple words or sentences, but may have trouble with more complicated ones with several elements - -> might have trouble with the "red cat ran up the big tree to catch a squirrel" - with numerous elements in this sentence - difficulty expressing ideas: "can't get a sentence out" (Expressive aphasia) - -> know what they want to say inside their head, but just cannot get those words out, either spoken or in writing or both - words (come out) "distorted" - -> (mangled sounds of the words) - just a disconnect b/t the ability to form those words into a language & what happens with their mouth, can't connect how to make a word & make that particular sound

Answer 105

- often can interpret simple words or sentences, but may have trouble with more complicated ones with several elements - -> might have trouble with the "red cat ran up the big tree to catch a squirrel" - with numerous elements in this sentence - difficulty expressing ideas: "can't get a sentence out" (Expressive aphasia) - -> know what they want to say inside their head, but just cannot get those words out, either spoken or in writing or both - words (come out) "distorted" - -> (mangled sounds of the words) - just a disconnect b/t the ability to form those words into a language & what happens with their mouth, can't connect how to make a word & make that particular sound

Answer 106

- "Ganglia" are collections of cell bodies (=nuclei) - there are several components of the basal ganglia - the neurons within basal ganglia communicate with each other, & with other brain areas

Answer 107

motor cortex, premotor cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, & other areas

Answer 108

loss of any parts of the basal ganglia is devasting Parkinsons disease: loss of dopaminergic neurons in BG - causes tremors, loss of ability to move (initiate a movement - difficulty getting up from a chair), cognitive deficits - MJF (Micheal J Fox, Rush Limbaugh) - if you overstimulate/overmedicate you can cause Huntington like symptoms Huntington's disease is loss of cholinergic neurons in BG (this activates the neurons that are lost in Parkinson's) - causes uncontrollable movements (chorea - Latin to dance), loss of coordination, dementia (similar to PD)

Answer 109

considered phylogenetically oldest part of the cerebrum - includes amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus - strongly connected with other areas, such as thalamus, hypothalamus, & parts of the midbrain & brainstem - links higher processing with primitive emotions such as fear, aggression, reward, social & sexual behaviour - "animal brain"

Answer 110

1. Sensory stimuli 2. Cerebral Cortex - integration occurs within the association areas of the cerebral cortex - Bear! - see bear (visual) 3. Integrated info 4. Limbic system creates emotion - critical component for regulating basic emotional responses - Fear! - processes & integrates - sends info back "OMG that's a bear, if i don't move it will eat me!) - feedback creates awareness of emotions 5. Hypothalamus & brain stem - homeostatic response 6. Initiate - Somatic motor responses (both voluntary & unconscious - irresistible urge to run) - Autonomic responses (fight or flight) - Endocrine responses - Immune responses (if there is a long term stress)

Answer 111

Phineas P. Gage - worked on the railroad - his job was to put dynamic down with the pole - tamped down dynamic & it sent steel rod through his head - abolishes large part of frontal cortex - doctor was surprised he was alive - made the recovery - before he was smart, easy to get along with * *after personality completely changed - swore, not easy going, angry, difficult to get along with, changed jobs lots * historically imp. case - things we learn from a single patient stimulate a whole area of resource (like H.M. hippocampus)

Lecture 12-13 Outline Flashcards

(138 cards)