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Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Diploid life cycle general
Starting with haploid stage

A

Gametes (1n)(sperm and egg)
Fertilization
Zygote 2n (many mitosis after this)
Mature 2n
Meiosis
Repeat

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2
Q

Alternation of generation life cycle simple
Starting with meiosis

A

Meiosis
Spores 1n
Many mitosis
Mature 1n
Mitosis
Gametes 1n (sperm/egg)
Fertilization
Zygote 2n
Many mitosis
Mature2n
Repeat

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3
Q

Spirit meiosis

A

Direct product of meiosis is 4 haploid spores not gametes

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4
Q

Germinate

A

Spores germinate and grow into a haploid plant

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5
Q

Sperm and eggs in alternation of generations is formed by

A

Mitosis

When mature haploid plant produces sperm/ egg which fuse to make a zygote

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6
Q

Fungi and algae life cycle simple

Starting with meiosis

A

Meiosis
Spore
Many mitosis
Mature 1n
Mitosis
Gametes 1n
Fertilization
Zygote 2n
No mitosis
Repeat

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7
Q

Zygotic meiosis

A

Because zygote immediately does meiosis. It doesn’t grow at all (which would be achieved by many mitosis)

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8
Q

Fungi and algae meiosis produce what

A

4 spores

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9
Q

Metabolism carries out largely by

A

Enzymes

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10
Q

Anabolism

A

Building something up

Ex photosynthesis. Lipid synthesis

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11
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down something

Ex. Cellular respiration. Glycolysis

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12
Q

2 major types of energy

A

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

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13
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Describes energy and its transformation

Looks at things as a system and its surroundings

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14
Q

What kind of systems are biological system

A

Open systems

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15
Q

Open systems definition

A

Systems that exchange matter and energy with surroundings

Ex. Nucleus
Cell
Goat
Ecosystem

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16
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can’t be created or destroyed

Only transformed and transfered

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17
Q

Entropy

A

Energy and matter move from ordered to disordered. (They spread out over time)(eg. Diffusion)

Amount of disorder call entropy (s)

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18
Q

Entropy symbol
Definition

A

S

Amount of disorder call

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19
Q

Rank entropy in solid vs liquid vs gas

A

Solid least entropy
Liquid middle
Gas highest entropy

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20
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Entropy of the universe is continuously increasing

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21
Q

Gibbs free energy (definition and symbol)

A

G

Amount is energy available in a system to do work

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22
Q

What happens to free energy when a boulder rolls down a hill

A

Loses free energy

Negative delta G

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23
Q

System loses free energy

A

Negative delta G

Exergonic

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24
Q

System gains free energy

A

+ delta G

Endergonic

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25
Exergonic
Loss of free energy
26
Endergonic
Gaining free energy
27
Second degree active transport
Energy released from 1 ion flowing down concentration gradient Use that energy to drive the other ion against its concentration gradient.
28
Spontaneous reaction
Chemical rxn that will proceed on its own without outside influence
29
Exergonic reaction
Energy releasing chemical rxn yielding products that contain less potential energy than their reactants
30
Endergonic reaction
Energy-requiring chemical rxn yielding products rich in potential energy than
31
Energy coupling reaction
Use of wnergy released from Exergonic reactions to drive essential Endergonic reaction
32
Energy of activiation
EA amount of energy reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start This represent the energy barrier that prevents molecules from breaking down spontaneously
33
Role of enzymes
Lowering activation energy of specific biochemical reactions
34
Enzyme
Protein that serves as a biological catalyst
35
Catalyst
Substance which can lower the energy of activation
36
Enzyme does what
Lower activation energy of the biochemical rxn Allows equilibrium to be approached at a fast rate
37
Will an enzyme be turned into a product after rxn
No
38
Lock/key principle
Specificity between enzyme and substrate
39
Substrate
Where an enzyme acts
40
Active site
Region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and where catalysis occurs
41
Enzymes are usually built how
Single polypeptide or protein complex
42
Many enzymes also require presence of what
Other non protein molecules Cofactor Coenzyme Prosthetic group
43
Cofactor
Inorganic ions such as iron. Copper. Zinc that bind to certain enzymes
44
45
Coenzyme
Small carbon containing molecules such as Coenzyme A (CoA) NAD FAD ATP Which aren’t permanently bound to the enzyme and must collide with the enzyme and bind to its active site before the catalytic reaction occurs
46
Prosthetic group
These distinctive molecular group are permanently bound to their enzymes such as heme or flavin
47
Enzyme activity may be regulated how
Inhibitors pH Temperature Etc
48
Bioenergy carriers Example
ATP
49
ATP
Adenosine 5’- triphosphate -Energy currency/shuttle of living cell -living cell stores energy in chemical bonds of lipid starc glycogen (like a bank account) -energy the cell requires for immediate use is temporarily stored in ATP (cash in pocket) Cell continuously spends ATP which must be replaced immediately
50
Structure of ATP
Nucleotide consisting of 3 main parts -adenine - ribose - three phosphate groups
51
Adenine
Nitrogen containing organic base
52
Ribose
5 carbon sugar
53
Phosphate groups in ATP
Identifiable as phosphorus atoms surrounded by oxygen atoms
54
Function of ATP
Hydrolysis of ATP- Exergonic reaction (delta G= -7.6kcal/mole) Rxn of AGP hydrolysis also favors formation of products in living cells Donate energy through the transfer of a phosphate group Nearly all cellular worm depends of ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation (transfer of a phosphate group , usually from ATP to a molecule)
55
Delta G of hydrolysis of ATP
-7.6 kcal/mol
56
Hydrolysis of ATP what kind of rxn
Exergonic
57
When terminal phosphate is removed from ATP what remains?
Adenosine diphosphate ADP
58
If phosphate group from hydrolysis of ATP isn’t transferred to another molecule what happens
Released as inorganic phosphate Exergonic reaction
59
Formula for hydrolysis of ATP
ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi+ delta G
60
Sucrose synthesis formula and rxn type
Glucose+ Fructose+ ATP Sucrose + ADP +Pi + delta G
61
Generation of ATP
Substrate lvl phosphorylation Chemiosmosis
62
Substrate level phosphorylation
ATP formed when a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate
63
Chemiosmosis
Process by which phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP isn’t coupled to the transfer of electrons down an electron transport chain -oxidative phosphorylation - photophosporylation
64
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP synthesis driven by electron transfer to oxygen
65
Photophosporylation
ATP synthesis driven by light
66

Bio 120 (32 decks)

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