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NEURO FINAL > lecture 12: Diencephalon thalamic structure > Flashcards

lecture 12: Diencephalon thalamic structure Flashcards

1
Q

the subthalamus/ subthalamic nuclei is located ___- to the substantia nigra in the midbrain , inferior to the ___ and lateral to the _____

A

superior
thalamus
hypothalamus

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2
Q

what is the biggest structure of the epithalamus

A

pineal gland/body

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3
Q

what is the pineal gland innervated by

A

sympathetic fibers

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4
Q

what assists in controlling circadian rhythms and impacts glandular secretions

A

epithalamus

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5
Q

what is a Large collection of nuclei in 2 egg-shaped structures immediately superior to top of brainstem/midbrain (gray matter)

A

thalamus

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6
Q

the thalamus has ______ ____ white matter that dividies thalamus into _____, ____ ,_____ groups

A

intramedullary lamina
anterior , lateral and medial

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7
Q

the lateral wall of the thalamus is formed by a thin sheet of cells called what

A

thalamic reticular nucleus

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8
Q

what separates L from R thalamus with medial thalamic wall formed by
thin sheet of cells called midline nucleus

A

3rd ventricle

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9
Q

R and L thalamus are adjoined in most human brains by what

A

massa intermedia/interthalamic adhesions

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10
Q

deep branches of the ___ ___ ___ supply the thalamus

A

posterior cerebral arteries

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11
Q

what are the 3 deep bracnhes of the posterior cerebral arteries that supply the thalamus

A
  • Thalamoperforator artery
  • Thalamogeniculate artery
  • Posterior choroidal artery
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12
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

acts as filter and processor of information to cortex from basal ganglia , cerebellum and all sensory systems except for olfactory

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13
Q

what functions as Relays processed input to discrete areas of cerebral cortex, thereby regulating cortical neuronal activity

A

thalamus

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14
Q

all thalamus nuclei project to the cerebral cortex except for what

A

thalamic reticular nucleus

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15
Q

All thalamic nuclei project to the cerebral cortex except for thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), what are the 2 fibers name

A
  • Thalamocortical fibers
  • Corticothalamic fibers
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16
Q

what projects to thalamic nuclei, reticular formation in brainstem, and other parts of TRN

A

the thalamic reticular nucleus

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17
Q

Most thalamic efferents and afferents
(to/from cerebral cortex) pass thru the ___ with collaterals synapsing with TRN cells

A

TRN

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18
Q

many TRN neurons contain what

A

GABA ( inhibitory)

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19
Q

what are the 3 main functional groups of the thalamus nuclei

A

relay nuclei , association nuclei , and nonspecific nuclei

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20
Q

which functional nuclei of the thalamus transmit info from basal ganglia, cerebellum, or sensory systems to cerebral cortex

A

relay nuclei

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21
Q

which functional nuclei of the thalamus processes memory and emtional info , integrate different sensory inputs and connects to specific areas of cerebral cortex with same areas projecting back to these nuclei

A

association nuclei

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22
Q

what does the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus regulate

A

consciousness , arousal , and attention

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23
Q

what are the 2 major somatosensory pathwaysa

A

Posterior/dorsal column medial lemniscal
pathway
Spinothalamic tract

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24
Q

the cerebellum projects thru the which peduncle to the thalmus , relaying signals to (upper/lower) motor neurons in primary and premotor cortices

A

superior cerebellar peduncle
upper

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25
Q

the spinocerebellar output goes from the ___ which is from the ____ zone thru the ____ ____ ____ to the thalmus

A

vermis
intermediate
superior cerebellar peduncle

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26
Q

closed cerebro cerebellar cerebral loop goes from the ___ cerebellar cortex and afferents enter thru the ___ cerebellar peduncle and ____ leave via ____ cerebellar peduncle
to thalamus

A

laterla
middle
efferents
superior

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27
Q

the thalamus and hypothalamus imput for what

A

sleep regulation

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28
Q

how is the thalamus related to descending tracts for motor function?

A

bc things go thru the thalamus and control fine motor aspect

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29
Q

for thalamic lesions , relay sensory neurons can disrupt ____ sensation

A

contralateral

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30
Q

what is most commonly affected by thalamic lesions

A

proprioceptions

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31
Q

thalamic pain syndrome is ___ but severe

A

rare

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32
Q

lateropulsion , pusher sundrome or contraversive pushing is common with what type of lesions

A

thalamic

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33
Q

what is lateropulsion , pusher sundrome or contraversive pushing

A

strong pushing with less affected side towards weaker side

34
Q

lateropulsion , pusher syndrome or contraversive pushing is usually accompanied by ___ push also

A

posterior

35
Q

what is located inferior and anterior to the thalamus

A

hypothalmus

36
Q

the hypothalamus is separted by from the thalamus by what sulcus ? and what ventricle is it from

A

hypothalamic sulcus
3rd

37
Q

what forms the walls and floor of the inferior part of the the 3rd ventricle

A

hypothalamus

38
Q

what forms the posterior aspect of the hypothalamus

A

mammillary bodies

39
Q

is the hypothalamus necessary for survival

A

yes

40
Q

what are the 4 functions of the hypothalamus

A

maintenance of Homeostatic functions
Endocrine control
Autonomic control
Limbic systmem

H.E.A.L

41
Q

the hypothalamus functions for the limbic system and what does that control

A

expression of emotions

42
Q

the hypothalamus functions as a autonomic control and what does that control

A

facilitation of sympathetic nervous system

43
Q

the hypothalamus functions as a endocrine control and what does that control

A

growth , metabolism , and reproductive organs

44
Q

hypothal helps control ___ , ____ and other behaviors necessary for survival

A

appetitive , homeostatic

45
Q

the hypothalamus can control the ____ rhythm thru light sensitive receptors

A

circadian

46
Q

arousal/sleep can be facilitated or inhibited thru what rhythm

A

circadian rhythm

47
Q

what results from the stim of osmoreceptors of hypothalamus

A

thirst

48
Q

the hypothalamus detects body ___ and stimulates mechanism to dissipate or conserve heat

A

temp

49
Q

where is the pituitary gland contained

A

in sella turcica/ pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone

50
Q

hypothalamus > ____ > pituitay stalk >____

A

infundibulum
pituitary gland

51
Q

where does the anterior pituitary comes from

A

outgrowth of epithelial tissue

52
Q

what comes from outgrowth of inferior brain in region of hypothalamus and is continuous with brain

A

posterior pituitary

53
Q

secretions from posterior pituitary are ____

A

neurohormones

54
Q

___ pituitary has ___ cells that secrete hormones into blood stream

A

anterior
glandular

55
Q

what are the 6 hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH),
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),
prolactin

56
Q

what controls the releasae or inhibitoion of growth hormone

A

hypothal

57
Q

hypothal elicits release of thyroid stimulating hormone to cause ___ gland to release ___ and ___

A

thyroid
T3 and T4

58
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is necessary for ___ , ____ , ___ ___ and body temp

A

growth
development
metabolic rate

59
Q

what stimulates the release of Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

hypothal

60
Q

Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Facilitates release of ______ from adrenal cortex which inhibit immune reaction, ____ inflammation, increase protein/fat breakdown, ____ glucose production and reduce glucose and amino acid use in skeletal muscles

A

glucocorticoids
decrease
increase

61
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and
prolactin impact ____/___ and ____ production in lactating females

A

ovaries /testes
milk

62
Q

Action potentials in hypothalamus thru axons of ____ ____ release neurohormones from ___ pituitary gland

A

pituitary stalk
posterior

63
Q

what hormone maintains pH level and extracellular fluid volume by increasing reabsorption of water in kidney and reducing excretion of urine? and does it come from anterior or posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
posterior

64
Q

what facilitates uterine contractions during labor/delivery and milk expulsion in lactating females from the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

65
Q

Hypothal has descending projections to ___ and ____
systems

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

66
Q

descending Projections from the hypothal extend from hypothal nuclei thru ___ forebrain bundle, to DL brainstem, periaqueductal gray matter to where for the preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

medial
Preganglionic parasympathetic nuclei in brainstem and intermediate zone to sacral SC
*Preganglionic sympathetic neurons in intermediolateral cell column of TL SC

67
Q

Hypothal receives inputs from ____ and regions of ___ cortex (orbital frontal, insular, ant cingulate, temporal cortices) fro control of autonomic system

A

amygdala
limbic

68
Q

limbic pathways from the hypothal may explain ___- influences on autnoic and homestatic pathways

A

emotional

69
Q

what is the pathway for the limbic systme from hypothalamic

A

Hippocampus > fornix > hypothal mammillary bodies
Mammillary bodies> mammillothalamic tract > thalamus > limbic cortex of cingulate gyrus

70
Q

what makes up 10-17% of all intracranial neoplasms

A

pituitary adenomas

71
Q

what type of tumor is a pituitary adenomas

A

slow growing , benign tumor

72
Q

where can the pituitary adenomas arise from

A

any anterior pituitary cell types that secrete hormones

73
Q

Even microadenomas of __ mm or less can cause sig endocrine issues

A

1

74
Q

Larger pituitary adenomas put pressure on surrounding structures such as ___ ___

A

optic chiasm

75
Q

Larger pituitary adenomas put pressure on surrounding structures such as optic chiasm causing what

A

bitemporal hemianopia

76
Q
A
77
Q
A
78
Q
A
78
Q
A
79
Q
A
80
Q
A
81
Q
A

NEURO FINAL (10 decks)

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