lecture 12: Diencephalon thalamic structure

Question 1

the subthalamus/ subthalamic nuclei is located ___- to the substantia nigra in the midbrain , inferior to the ___ and lateral to the _____

Answer 1

superior
thalamus
hypothalamus

Question 2

what is the biggest structure of the epithalamus

Answer 2

pineal gland/body

Question 3

what is the pineal gland innervated by

Answer 3

sympathetic fibers

Question 4

what assists in controlling circadian rhythms and impacts glandular secretions

Answer 4

epithalamus

Question 5

what is a Large collection of nuclei in 2 egg-shaped structures immediately superior to top of brainstem/midbrain (gray matter)

Answer 5

thalamus

Question 6

the thalamus has ______ ____ white matter that dividies thalamus into _____, ____ ,_____ groups

Answer 6

intramedullary lamina
anterior , lateral and medial

Question 7

the lateral wall of the thalamus is formed by a thin sheet of cells called what

Answer 7

thalamic reticular nucleus

Question 8

what separates L from R thalamus with medial thalamic wall formed by
thin sheet of cells called midline nucleus

Answer 8

3rd ventricle

Question 9

R and L thalamus are adjoined in most human brains by what

Answer 9

massa intermedia/interthalamic adhesions

Question 10

deep branches of the ___ ___ ___ supply the thalamus

Answer 10

posterior cerebral arteries

Question 11

what are the 3 deep bracnhes of the posterior cerebral arteries that supply the thalamus

Answer 11

• Thalamoperforator artery
• Thalamogeniculate artery
• Posterior choroidal artery

Question 12

what is the function of the thalamus

Answer 12

acts as filter and processor of information to cortex from basal ganglia , cerebellum and all sensory systems except for olfactory

Question 13

what functions as Relays processed input to discrete areas of cerebral cortex, thereby regulating cortical neuronal activity

Answer 13

thalamus

Question 14

all thalamus nuclei project to the cerebral cortex except for what

Answer 14

thalamic reticular nucleus

Question 15

All thalamic nuclei project to the cerebral cortex except for thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), what are the 2 fibers name

Answer 15

• Thalamocortical fibers
• Corticothalamic fibers

Question 16

what projects to thalamic nuclei, reticular formation in brainstem, and other parts of TRN

Answer 16

the thalamic reticular nucleus

Question 17

Most thalamic efferents and afferents
(to/from cerebral cortex) pass thru the ___ with collaterals synapsing with TRN cells

Answer 17

TRN

Question 18

many TRN neurons contain what

Answer 18

GABA ( inhibitory)

Question 19

what are the 3 main functional groups of the thalamus nuclei

Answer 19

relay nuclei , association nuclei , and nonspecific nuclei

Question 20

which functional nuclei of the thalamus transmit info from basal ganglia, cerebellum, or sensory systems to cerebral cortex

Answer 20

relay nuclei

Question 21

which functional nuclei of the thalamus processes memory and emtional info , integrate different sensory inputs and connects to specific areas of cerebral cortex with same areas projecting back to these nuclei

Answer 21

association nuclei

Question 22

what does the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus regulate

Answer 22

consciousness , arousal , and attention

Question 23

what are the 2 major somatosensory pathwaysa

Answer 23

Posterior/dorsal column medial lemniscal
pathway
Spinothalamic tract

Question 24

the cerebellum projects thru the which peduncle to the thalmus , relaying signals to (upper/lower) motor neurons in primary and premotor cortices

Answer 24

superior cerebellar peduncle
upper

Question 25

the spinocerebellar output goes from the ___ which is from the ____ zone thru the ____ ____ ____ to the thalmus

Answer 25

vermis intermediate superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 26

closed cerebro cerebellar cerebral loop goes from the ___ cerebellar cortex and afferents enter thru the ___ cerebellar peduncle and ____ leave via ____ cerebellar peduncle to thalamus

Answer 26

laterla middle efferents superior

Question 27

the thalamus and hypothalamus imput for what

Answer 27

sleep regulation

Question 28

how is the thalamus related to descending tracts for motor function?

Answer 28

bc things go thru the thalamus and control fine motor aspect

Question 29

for thalamic lesions , relay sensory neurons can disrupt ____ sensation

Answer 29

contralateral

Question 30

what is most commonly affected by thalamic lesions

Answer 30

proprioceptions

Question 31

thalamic pain syndrome is ___ but severe

Answer 31

rare

Question 32

lateropulsion , pusher sundrome or contraversive pushing is common with what type of lesions

Answer 32

thalamic

Question 33

what is lateropulsion , pusher sundrome or contraversive pushing

Answer 33

strong pushing with less affected side towards weaker side

Question 34

lateropulsion , pusher syndrome or contraversive pushing is usually accompanied by ___ push also

Answer 34

posterior

Question 35

what is located inferior and anterior to the thalamus

Answer 35

hypothalmus

Question 36

the hypothalamus is separted by from the thalamus by what sulcus ? and what ventricle is it from

Answer 36

hypothalamic sulcus 3rd

Question 37

what forms the walls and floor of the inferior part of the the 3rd ventricle

Answer 37

hypothalamus

Question 38

what forms the posterior aspect of the hypothalamus

Answer 38

mammillary bodies

Question 39

is the hypothalamus necessary for survival

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

what are the 4 functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 40

maintenance of Homeostatic functions Endocrine control Autonomic control Limbic systmem H.E.A.L

Question 41

the hypothalamus functions for the limbic system and what does that control

Answer 41

expression of emotions

Question 42

the hypothalamus functions as a autonomic control and what does that control

Answer 42

facilitation of sympathetic nervous system

Question 43

the hypothalamus functions as a endocrine control and what does that control

Answer 43

growth , metabolism , and reproductive organs

Question 44

hypothal helps control ___ , ____ and other behaviors necessary for survival

Answer 44

appetitive , homeostatic

Question 45

the hypothalamus can control the ____ rhythm thru light sensitive receptors

Answer 45

circadian

Question 46

arousal/sleep can be facilitated or inhibited thru what rhythm

Answer 46

circadian rhythm

Question 47

what results from the stim of osmoreceptors of hypothalamus

Answer 47

thirst

Question 48

the hypothalamus detects body ___ and stimulates mechanism to dissipate or conserve heat

Answer 48

temp

Question 49

where is the pituitary gland contained

Answer 49

in sella turcica/ pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone

Question 50

hypothalamus > ____ > pituitay stalk >____

Answer 50

infundibulum pituitary gland

Question 51

where does the anterior pituitary comes from

Answer 51

outgrowth of epithelial tissue

Question 52

what comes from outgrowth of inferior brain in region of hypothalamus and is continuous with brain

Answer 52

posterior pituitary

Question 53

secretions from posterior pituitary are ____

Answer 53

neurohormones

Question 54

___ pituitary has ___ cells that secrete hormones into blood stream

Answer 54

anterior glandular

Question 55

what are the 6 hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

Answer 55

growth hormone thyroid stimulating hormone Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin

Question 56

what controls the releasae or inhibitoion of growth hormone

Answer 56

hypothal

Question 57

hypothal elicits release of thyroid stimulating hormone to cause ___ gland to release ___ and ___

Answer 57

thyroid T3 and T4

Question 58

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is necessary for ___ , ____ , ___ ___ and body temp

Answer 58

growth development metabolic rate

Question 59

what stimulates the release of Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 59

hypothal

Question 60

Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Facilitates release of ______ from adrenal cortex which inhibit immune reaction, ____ inflammation, increase protein/fat breakdown, ____ glucose production and reduce glucose and amino acid use in skeletal muscles

Answer 60

glucocorticoids decrease increase

Question 61

luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin impact ____/___ and ____ production in lactating females

Answer 61

ovaries /testes milk

Question 62

Action potentials in hypothalamus thru axons of ____ ____ release neurohormones from ___ pituitary gland

Answer 62

pituitary stalk posterior

Question 63

what hormone maintains pH level and extracellular fluid volume by increasing reabsorption of water in kidney and reducing excretion of urine? and does it come from anterior or posterior pituitary

Answer 63

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) posterior

Question 64

what facilitates uterine contractions during labor/delivery and milk expulsion in lactating females from the posterior pituitary

Answer 64

Oxytocin

Question 65

Hypothal has descending projections to ___ and ____ systems

Answer 65

sympathetic parasympathetic

Question 66

descending Projections from the hypothal extend from hypothal nuclei thru ___ forebrain bundle, to DL brainstem, periaqueductal gray matter to where for the preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic

Answer 66

medial Preganglionic parasympathetic nuclei in brainstem and intermediate zone to sacral SC *Preganglionic sympathetic neurons in intermediolateral cell column of TL SC

Question 67

Hypothal receives inputs from ____ and regions of ___ cortex (orbital frontal, insular, ant cingulate, temporal cortices) fro control of autonomic system

Answer 67

amygdala limbic

Question 68

limbic pathways from the hypothal may explain ___- influences on autnoic and homestatic pathways

Answer 68

emotional

Question 69

what is the pathway for the limbic systme from hypothalamic

Answer 69

Hippocampus > fornix > hypothal mammillary bodies Mammillary bodies> mammillothalamic tract > thalamus > limbic cortex of cingulate gyrus

Question 70

what makes up 10-17% of all intracranial neoplasms

Answer 70

pituitary adenomas

Question 71

what type of tumor is a pituitary adenomas

Answer 71

slow growing , benign tumor

Question 72

where can the pituitary adenomas arise from

Answer 72

any anterior pituitary cell types that secrete hormones

Question 73

Even microadenomas of __ mm or less can cause sig endocrine issues

Answer 73

1

Question 74

Larger pituitary adenomas put pressure on surrounding structures such as ___ ___

Answer 74

optic chiasm

Question 75

Larger pituitary adenomas put pressure on surrounding structures such as optic chiasm causing what

Answer 75

bitemporal hemianopia