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NEURO FINAL > LECTURE 14: CEREBELLUM > Flashcards

LECTURE 14: CEREBELLUM Flashcards

1
Q

what is considered the “great comparator”

A

the cerebellum

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2
Q

what unconsciously adjusts posture and coordinates movements

A

cerebellum

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3
Q

when intending to move the cerebelum processess info from ___ lobes together with the ___ receptors, proprioceptors, motor activity of ___ and ___ horn cells of SC

A

frontal
vestibular
brainstem and ventral

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4
Q

what does the cerebellum do when we are actually moving

A

compares the intended vs actual movements to make needed adjustments

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5
Q

what is cerebellar white matter called

A

arbor vitae

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6
Q

how many hemispheres does the cerebellum have

A

2

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7
Q

cerebellum = ___ of total brain volume but has almost ___ the number of neurons as cerebral cortex

A

10%
4x

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8
Q

the cerebellum has inner ___ white matter regions that transmitts ____/___ info

A

myelinated
afferent/efferent

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9
Q

there are no ___ connections between the cerebellum and ___ neurons`

A

direct
motor

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10
Q

there are no direct connections between the cerebellum and motor neurons, all are via the motor tract cell bodies in motor ___ , ___ ___ , and ___

A

cortex
premotor cortex
brainstem

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11
Q

lots of sensory info ____ the cerebellum

A

enters

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12
Q

cerebellum is invovled in the learning of what

A

timing , rhythm , synchronization of movements and how to correct motor errors

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13
Q

does serve damage to the cerebellum causes direct muscle weakness or sensory perception issues???

A

nauuuurrrr bc it causes coordination and postural control deficits ( some decreased cognitive and emotional function)

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14
Q

what are the cerebellar structures -3s

A

3 cerebellar peduncles
3 cortical layers
3 deep cerebellar nuclei
3 lobes
3 vertical divisions
3 functional; divisions

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15
Q

what are the 3 cerebellar peduncles

A

superior
middle
inferior

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16
Q

what are the 3 cortical layers

A

molecular
purkinje
granular

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17
Q

whar are the 3 deep cerebellar nuclei

A

dentate
interposed
- emboliform
- globuse
fastigial

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18
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellar

A

anterior
posterior
flocculonodular

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19
Q

what are the 3 vertical divisions of the cerebellar

A

midline vermis
paravermis/intermediate part
lateral hemisphere

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20
Q

what are the 3 functiona; divisions

A

vestibulo cerebellum
spino cerebellum
cerebro cerebellum

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21
Q

the superior cerebellar peduncles is mostly ___

A

efferents

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22
Q

the middle cerebellar peduncles is mostly ___

A

afferents

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23
Q

the inferior cerebellar peduncles is mostly what

A

afferents and efferents

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24
Q

the superior cerebellar peduncles is projections to motor nuclei of the ___ , relaying signal to ___ in primary and premotor cortices

A

thalamus
UMN

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25
Q

which cerebellar peduncle projects to the red nucleus

A

superior

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26
Q

afferents from the superior cerebellar peduncles come from which tract

A

anterior spinocerebellar tract

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27
Q

middle cerebellar peduncles has projections arising from _____ pontine nuclei from ___ cortex and ____ colliculus

A

contralateral
cerebral
superior

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28
Q

where does the afferents arise from in the inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

vestibular apparatus/nuclei , SC and inferior olivary nucleus

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29
Q

where does the efferents project to from in the inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts

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30
Q

what kind of matter are the 3 cortical layers of the cerebellar

A

gray matter

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31
Q

what does the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellar have

A

interneurons , including granule , golgi , stellate and basket cells

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32
Q

the purkinje layers of the cerebellar cortex has what kind of cell bodies

A

purkinje

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33
Q

what doe the purkinje cells inhibit

A

cerebellar and vestibular nuclei

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34
Q

which fibers transmit afferent excitatory neurotransmitters in the cerebellar cortex

A

mossy and climbing fibers

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35
Q

where does mossy fibers start and where does it transmit and into where

A

starts in pons adn SC
transmitts somatosensory , arousal , balance and cerebral cortex info into the cerebellum

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36
Q

where does climbing fibers start and where does it transmit and into where

A

start in the inferior olivary nucleus
transmits movements erros into cerebellum

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37
Q

what is the order of the layers in te cerebellar cortex from superficial to deep

A

molecular
purkinje
granule

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38
Q

what is the functional unit of the cerebellar cortex

A

purkinje cell (inhibitory) + deep nuclear cell ( excitatory)

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39
Q

what is in the deep nuclei of the cerebellar cortex most lateral to medial (Dont Eat Greasy Food)

A

Dentate
interposed
- Emboliform
- Globose
Fastigial

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40
Q

what cells are among the largest cells of the brain with huge dendritic branching

A

purkinje cells

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41
Q

all cerebellar output is transmitted thru the ___ cells

A

purkinje

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42
Q

what is the most lateral deep cerebellar nuclei

A

dentate

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43
Q

what is most medial deep cerebellar nuclei

A

fastigial

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44
Q

what is the fucntion of the vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)

A

balance and eye movements

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45
Q

what zone is lateral vestibular nucleus and apparatus in?

A

vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)

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46
Q

what functional region of the cerebellar is the onyl part of cerebellum receiving input directly from the SC

A

spinocerebellum (vermis and intermediate zones)

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47
Q

what lies proximal in the spinocerebellum zone of the cerebellum?

A

fastigial nuclei (vermis)

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48
Q

what lies distal in the spinocerebellum zone of the cerebellum

A

interposed nuclei (intermediate zone)

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49
Q

what is the function of the fastigial nuclei that is in the spinocerebellum region of the cerebellum

A

proximal gross movements of body and limb

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50
Q

what is the function of the interposed nuclei that is in the spinocerebellum region of the cerebellum

A

distal voluntary movement (limbs)

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51
Q

which functiona region of the cerebellum is the dentate nuclei in

A

cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemi)

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52
Q

what does the cerebrocerebellum zone of the cerebellum regulate

A

highly skilled movements

53
Q

the cerebrocerebellum zone of the cerebellum regulates highly skilled movements like what

A

motor planning , cognitive aspects and working memory

also execution of complex spatial and temporal sequences of movements , regulating cortical motor programs

54
Q

the vestibulocerebellum/ flocclonodular lobe controls ___ and ___/___ muscles

A

eyes and prox trunk muscles

55
Q

the vestibulocerebellum/ flocclonodular lobe is important for what

A

balance/ equilibrum

56
Q

the vermis part of the spiniocerebellum controls ___ and ___/___ muscles

A

eyes and prox trunk

57
Q

the intermediate zone/ paravermal zone of the spiniocerebellum controls what

A

distal limb muscles

58
Q

what is the cerebrocerebellum zone (lateral zone) important for

A

motor planning

59
Q

the superior cerebllar artery supplies the what

A

supeiror and middle cerebellar peduncles and interpedunclar region

60
Q

what does the anterior inferior cerebllar artery supplie

A

middle cerebellar peduncle , anterior inferior cerebellum including the flocculus

61
Q

what supplies the tonsils, inferior vermis, inferior cerebellar peduncle and inferir aspects of the cerebellar hemispheres

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

62
Q

what is the input for the vestibulocerebellum region

A

ipsilateral vestibular nuclei / apparatus and visual cortex

63
Q

where does the synaspe occur in the vestibulocerebellum zone

A

flocculonodular lobe

64
Q

where does the output of the vestibulocerebellum project to

A

vestibular nuclei

65
Q

the out put of the vestibulocerebellum projects to the vestibular nuclei and controls posture by the ___ and ___ ____ tracts and also controls ___ movements

A

lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts
eye

66
Q

do the spinocerebellar tracts cross ?

A

no

67
Q

the spinocerebellar tracts is a high ___ pathways- with __ neurons transmitting ___ to cerebellum

A

fidelity
2
ipsilaterally

68
Q

in the spinocerebellar tract the 1st order proprioceptors transmits info from ___ and ___ trunk to SC ___ ___ of the dorsal column to synapse in the gray matter nucleus of ____ nucleus (T1-L2)

A

LE
lower
fasciculus gracilis
clarkes

69
Q

the 2nd order axon of the spinocerebllar tract composes ___ ___ pathway which stays ____ , and going into the ___ ___ ___ to cerebellar cortex .. does it cross?

A

posterior spinocerebellar pathway
stays ipsilateral
inferier cerebellar peduncle
doesnt cross

70
Q

in the cunocerebellar tract the 1st order ___ start from proprioceptors in the ___ , ___ and __ trunk and go thru the _fasiciculus ___ of dorsal columns of lower ___

A

afferents
neck , UE and upper trunk
cuneatus
medulla

71
Q

in the cuneocerebellar tract the synapse happens in the ___ ___ nucleus in the lower ___ to form the ____ pathway in the medulla … it stays ___ and enters the ____ ___ ___ to the cerebellar cortex .. does it cross?

A

lateral cuneate nucleus
medulla
cuneocerebellar
ipsilateral
inferior cerebellar peduncles
does not cross

72
Q

the internal feedback tracts of the spinocerebellum monitor what

A

spinal internruon activity
proprioceptive input
SC reflex activity
descending motor commands

73
Q

single neuron of anterior spinocerebllar tract begins in the ___ ___ matter and crosses and travels up the ___ anterior spinocerebllar tract to the ___

A

TL gray matter
contralateral
midbrain

74
Q

the ant spiniocerebellar tract divides with most crossing at the ___ and entering the ___ ____ ___ - double cross

A

midbrain
contralteral superior CP

75
Q

eve tho most cross at the midbrain for the ant spinocerebellar tract come stay ipsilateral entering ___ ___ ___

A

ipsilateral superior CP

76
Q

during the anterior spinocerebellar tract each cerebellar hemisphere get inputs from ___ sides of the ___ body

A

both
lower

77
Q

the rostrospinocerebellar tract starts in the __ matter or cervical SC to __ cerebellum thru the ___ and __ cerebellar peduncles

A

T1
ipsilateral
inferior and supperir

78
Q

for the outputs of the spinocerebellum the ___ ___ project to deep nuclei

A

purkinje cells

79
Q

for the outputs of the spinocerebellum the vermis to ___ ___ tracts

A

medial motor

80
Q

for the outputs of the spinocerebellum the ____ zone to lateral motor tracts

A

intermediate

81
Q

do any of the outputs of the spinocerebellum directly transmit from cerebellum to motor tracts

A

no

82
Q

the vermis part of the output of the spinocerebellum is when the purkinje cells project to ___ nuclei of the vermis then the ___ and cerebral cortex via the ___

A

fastigial
brainstem
thalamus

83
Q

the intermediate zone part of the output of the spinocerebellum is when the purkinje cells project to the ___ nuclei , providing inputs to the ___ , cerebral cortex to ____ and ____ systmes to control more ___ muscles of limbs and digits

A

interposed
thalamus
corticospinal and rubrospinal
distal

84
Q

closed cerebro cerebello cerebral loop is when motor and premotor cortices going to ___ nuclei to ___ ___ cortex to ___ nucleus to ___ and back to cerebral cortex

A

pontine
lateral cerebellar
dentate
thalamus

85
Q

the input of the cerebrocerebellar circuits consist of lots of ____ cortex info into the __ which then cross and enter the ___ CP into the lateral cerebellar cortex

A

cerebral
pons

middle

86
Q

the out put of the cerebrocerebellar circuits consists of the ____ of the lateral cerebellar cortex to synapse with the ___ nucleus and then the ___ leave via the __- CP and then ___ and go to the ___ and synapse and go the the cerebral cortex

A

purkinjes
dentate
efferents
superior
cross
thalamus

87
Q

the cerebrocerebellar circuts are involved with what

A

motor planning and timing of movements

88
Q

changes in the neural activity i n the dentat starts ___ that of the cerebral cortex ___ to execution of movement

A

before
prior

89
Q

does the cerebral cortex directly project to the cerebellum

A

no

90
Q

inputs into the cerebellum go to the cerebral cortex and synapse where

A

on the ipsilateral pontine nuclei

91
Q

inthe cerebral cortex the ____ ____ fibers project to contralteral cerebrocerebellum via the ___ CP

A

transverse pontocerebellar
middle

92
Q

the vestibular nuclie is CN ___ and in the __

A

VIII
pons

93
Q

the vestibular nuclei project where ? via what ?

A

vestibulocerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

94
Q

what 2 tracts are apart of the spinal cord fo the inputs of the cerebellum

A

dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts

95
Q

where is the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus

A

spinal cord

96
Q

pertaining to the inputs of the cerebellum , the SC projects where? via what?

A

projects to the spinocerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

97
Q

pertaining to the inputs to the cerebellum the inferior olivary nuclei projects via what

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

98
Q

the vestibulocerebellum receives input from what and sends out put where

A

receives from vestibular apparatus and nuclei
sends to vestibualr nuclei

99
Q

unilateral cereballr conditions causes impairments on ___ side of body

A

ipsilateral

100
Q

why do unilateral cereballr conditions causes impairments on ipsilateral side of body

A

-spinocerebellar afferent arise from ipsi sources
-most cerbellar efferents to motor tracts remain ipsi
-cerebellar efferents cross on the way to contra cerebral cortex and red nucleus with related descending tracts crossing so double cross

101
Q

signs of cerebellar dysfunction in any /all areas is what

A

Ataxia

102
Q

what is ataxia

A

jerky , uncoordinated movements of trunk/neck and limbs

103
Q

can there by normal strength with cerebellar dysfucntion? why or why not

A

yes bc it is just dealing with coordination not strength

104
Q

if there is cerebellar dysfunction of the vestibulocerebellum then what will we see

A

nystagmus
unsteadiness , truncal axtaxia m disquilibrium

105
Q

what is nystagmus

A

bouncy eye movement

106
Q

if there is cerebellar dysfunction of the cerebrocerebellum then what will we see

A

ataxic finger movement
dysarthria

107
Q

what is dysarthria

A

slurring of speech

108
Q

which two cerebellar dysfucntion will have dysarthia present

A

cerebrocerebellum and spinocerebellum

109
Q

if there is cerebellar dysfunction of the spinocerebellum then what will we see

A

dysarthia
scanning/explosive speech
limb ataxia
loss of check/ rebound
movement decompositoin

110
Q

what is scanning / explosive speech

A

ataxia of speech

111
Q

limb ataxia includes what

A

dysdiadokinesia
dysmetria (action and intention tremor)

112
Q

what is it called when someone has problems with rapid alternating movements

A

dysdiadokinesia

113
Q

what is the term for the tendency to undershoot.overshoot when moving to a target

A

dysmertria

114
Q

what is action tremor

A

shaking of limb during movement

115
Q

what is intention tremor

A

tremor worsens closer to target

116
Q

dysmetria tends to ocur due to delays in __ burst of acitivity and in ____ ability to brake

A

agonist
antagonists

117
Q

what is loss of check/rebound

A

quick removal of resistance casues exaggerated response

118
Q

what is movement decomposition

A

attempting to move 1 joint at a time

119
Q

whcih ataxia is a disorder associated with cerebellar lesions ; disorder contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles

A

cerebellar ataxia

120
Q

someone with cerebellar ataxia lacks the normla coordination between what

A

movements at different joints

121
Q

what is sensory ataxia

A

when the posterior column medial lemniscal pathway is distrupted

122
Q

the cerebellum has ___ and ____ functions

A

feedback and feedforward

123
Q

at cellular level , ___ fibers can selectivelt causes long term ___ in synapses between ___ fibers and ___ cells that are simultaneously being activated by __- fibers

A

climbing
depression
parallel
purkinje
climbing

124
Q

evidence present that ___ also occurs at deep cerebllar nuclei

A

plasticity

125
Q

motor learning allows for better ___ control of movement by reduction of __ that require slower feedback mechanisms to improve movement

A

feedforward
errors

126
Q

describe the motor learning with prime glasses and how someone with cerebellar dysfunction reacts

A

When a person has errors induced through wearing prism glasses, errors in dart throwing match amount of prism angle but person is able to adapt and become accurate
* When prism glasses are removed, person initially has new errors but can quickly readapt
* If person has cerebellar dysfunction, they have very difficult time learning to correct these errors

127
Q

describe the motor learning with walking on a split belt treadmill and how someone with cerebellar dysfunction reacts

A

Requires person to move 1 leg quicker than other
* Normal person learns to adjust to regain symmetry of steps
* Person with cerebellar dysfunction can improve stepping but cannot achieve symmetry

128
Q
A

NEURO FINAL (10 decks)

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