LECTURE 16: cerebral cortex

Question 1

what part of the extremity are on the medial and lateral end of the homunculus

Answer 1

medial- LE
lateral - UE

Question 2

the cerebral cortex is made up of ___ matter and mostly what 3 things

Answer 2

gray
- granular cells
- pryamidal cells
- interneurons

Question 3

most cerebral cortex has __ layers of, except for which 2 cortices which only have 3

Answer 3

6
olfactory and medial temporal cortices

Question 4

what is the order of the cortical layers in the cerebral cortex from superficial to deep

Answer 4

Molecular layer
External granular layer
External pyramidal layer
Internal granular layer
Internal pyramidal layer
Multiform layer

Question 5

when was brodmann’s area defined

Answer 5

1909

Question 6

when is the broadmann’s areas more helpful

Answer 6

during surgical techniques or research

Question 7

what are the 5 functional categories of the cerebral cortex

Answer 7

primary sensory cortex
secondary sensory cortex
motor planning areas
primary motor cortex
association cortex

Question 8

what is the function of the primary sensory cortex

Answer 8

differentiates intensitities/qualities of sensory info

Question 9

which fuctional catergory in the cortex handles more complex sensory processing

Answer 9

secondary sensory cortex

Question 10

what is the function of the motor planning areas

Answer 10

organization of movement

Question 11

what is the function of the primary motor cortex

Answer 11

sends descending motor signals

Question 12

what is the function of the association cortex

Answer 12

behaviors
interprets sensations
integrates emotions and memories

Question 13

what are the 4 primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 13

somatosensory cortex
auditory cortex
visual cortex
vestibular cortex

Question 14

which cortex is within the central sulcus and post central gyrus

Answer 14

somatosensory cortex

Question 15

the auditory cortex is with in which fissure and which lobe

Answer 15

lateral fissures and superior temporal lobe

Question 16

which cortex is within the calcarine sulcus and adjacent gyro

Answer 16

visual cortex

Question 17

where is the vestibular cortex located within

Answer 17

within posterior end of lateral fissure in parieto- insular cortex

Question 18

what are the 3 secondary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 18

somatosensory
auditory
visual

Question 19

as a secondary sensory area of the cerebral cortex what does the somatosensory cortex analyze

Answer 19

info from primary sensory cortex and thalamus

Question 20

as a secondary sensory area of the cerebral cortex what does the auditory cortex control

Answer 20

sounds heard from memories and categorizes them

Question 21

as a secondary sensory area of the cerebral cortex what does the visual cortex analyze

Answer 21

color and movements

Question 22

in the visual cortex of the secondary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex the projects to the ____ colliculus guides visual fixation keeping item in __ vision

Answer 22

superior
central

Question 23

what are the 3 sensory neuron pathways to the cortex

Answer 23

DCML
spinothalamic tract
trigeminal lemniscus

Question 24

what does the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) discriminate

Answer 24

shapes , textures and size

Question 25

the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) receives info from ___ , projects to ___ and ___ areas and integrates info from 2 body halves , ___ ,___ and ____

Answer 25

S1 motor and limbic attention , learning and memory

Question 26

stereogonosis , tactile learning/ memory is part of which cortex

Answer 26

secondary somatosensory cortex

Question 27

which cortex is secondary sensory and association cortex

Answer 27

posterior parietal cortex

Question 28

the posterior parietal cortex receives projections from what

Answer 28

S1, S2 , visual systems , and others involved in attention and motivation

Question 29

which cortex has the highest degree of convergent somatosensory info

Answer 29

posterior parietal cortex

Question 30

what does the secondary auditory cortex classify as?

Answer 30

sounds

Question 31

the primary auditory cortex receives info from the __ of both ears thru pathway that synapses in ____ colliculus and ___ ____ body (thalamus) then to the ___

Answer 31

cochlea inferior medial geniculate body cortex

Question 32

the vestibular cortex receives info about what thru what

Answer 32

about head position relative to gravity and head movement thru vestibular nuclei , ipsilaterally and contralterallt

Question 33

some sources have the primary vestibular cortex in the ___ hemisphere, and some say its in both

Answer 33

right

Question 34

the primary visual cortex is a pathway from the ___ to the ___ ___ body (thalamus) to the cortex

Answer 34

retina lateral geniculate

Question 35

which visual cortex Differentiates light/dark, shapes, locations, mvmts

Answer 35

primary

Question 36

the secondary visual cortex does what

Answer 36

color and motions

Question 37

the secondary visual cortex projects to what for visual fixation

Answer 37

superior colliculus

Question 38

the action stream comes from what ? and then goes thru what ? and what does it adjust

Answer 38

comes form the secondary visual cortex dorsally thru the posterior parieto lobe to the frontal lobe - adjust limb movements

Question 39

the perception stream comes from what ? and then goes to what ? and what does it recognize

Answer 39

come From 2ndary visual cortex ventrally to temporal lobe - Recognizing object

Question 40

the action stream and the perception stream are apart of the ___ cortices and run ___ of each other

Answer 40

visual independently

Question 41

the parietotemporal association cortex deals with ___ and ___ ____

Answer 41

intelligence and problem solving

Question 42

understanding of communication comes form which association cortices

Answer 42

parietotemporal association cortex

Question 43

the parietotemporal association cortex constructs image of ___ ___ and ___ ___

Answer 43

own body and planning movements

Question 44

which association cortices is invovled with self awareness and executive function

Answer 44

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 45

the ventral dorsal prefrontal association cortices involves __ and ____

Answer 45

mood and affect

Question 46

the medial dorsal prefrontal association cortices perceives others ___ and makes ___ about what others believe and their intentions/personality/emotions/motivation

Answer 46

emotions assumptions

Question 47

which association cortices is for impulse control , reactions to surrounding and personality

Answer 47

ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortices

Question 48

the primary motor cortex is responsible for

Answer 48

execution

Question 49

the primary motor cortex is a source of most neurons of the ___ tract

Answer 49

corticospinal

Question 50

what does the primary motor cortex control

Answer 50

contralateral fractionated movements

Question 51

what is the pre motor cortex invovled in

Answer 51

execution and planning

Question 52

which motor cortex has 20-30% of corticospinal tract neurons, esp trunk and shldr girdle

Answer 52

pre motor cortex

Question 53

the premotor cortex has ____ postural adjustments

Answer 53

anticipatory

Question 54

what is the supplemental motor area responsible for

Answer 54

motor planning movement initiation planning biannual and sequential movements

Question 55

what is the order of perception and action

Answer 55

primary sensory cortex secondary sensory cortex association cortex motor planning areas primary motor cortex

Question 56

what is agnosias

Answer 56

having inability to recognize object (visual) and sounds (auditory) , despite having intact vision or hearing

Question 57

what is a disorder of the ventral visual stream

Answer 57

visual agnosia (visual object agnosia)

Question 58

what is prosopognosia

Answer 58

inability to recognize faces visually

Question 59

what is a disorder of the secondary auditory cortex

Answer 59

auditory agnosia

Question 60

what is anosagnosia

Answer 60

inability to recognize deficits

Question 61

what is the disorder of the secondary somatosensory cortex

Answer 61

astereognosia

Question 62

what is Astereognosia

Answer 62

cannot describe object in hand , even tho intact iwht light touch sensation

Question 63

what is the disorder of the dorsal visual stream

Answer 63

optic ataxia

Question 64

what is optic ataxia

Answer 64

inability to use visual info to direct movements

Question 65

which part of the parietal cortex dominates control of attention

Answer 65

the right side

Question 66

hemineglect - damage to PPC is the inability to ____ ___ ___ or even own body , in portion of space , despite fact that ____ ___ , __- ___ and ___ ability remain intact

Answer 66

attend to objects visual acuity , somatic sensation and motor

Question 67

if the primary motor cortex damage what will happen

Answer 67

loss of fractionated movements weakness dysarthria

Question 68

if there is a lesion in the motor planning area what 2 areas will be damaged

Answer 68

supplementary motor area and premotor cortex

Question 69

if lesion of supplementary motor area , what will the person show

Answer 69

hemiparesis/hemiplegia

Question 70

is there is a lesion in the supplementary motor area the long term deficits are only in ___ ___ hand movements

Answer 70

anti phase

Question 71

what is damaged if there is a lesion in the pre motor cortex

Answer 71

speed and automaticity of reaching/grapsing movement sequences postures and gait

Question 72

when are outcomes worse for motor lesions

Answer 72

when premotor cortex is injured in addition to primary motor cortex than primary motor cortex alone

Question 73

if there is damage to the inferior frontal gyrus which language center is injuried

Answer 73

bocas area

Question 74

what is perseveration of motor planning areas

Answer 74

uncontrolled repetition of movement

Question 75

what is apraxia /dyspraxia

Answer 75

motor planning deficits

Question 76

what is ideational impairments of motor planning areas

Answer 76

inability to use objects appropriately , esp when sequence is necessary

Question 77

what is ideomotor impairments of the motor planning areas

Answer 77

inability to develop movement sequence , esp to common or to mimic activity

Question 78

if someone has a magnetic gait what does that mean

Answer 78

true apraxia

Question 79

what are the 4 As for cerebral cortex disorders

Answer 79

aphasia apraxia agnosia astereognosis

Question 80

which neglect is more common

Answer 80

L side neglect from R hemisphere lesion

Question 81

if someone has a R hemisphere lesion what side will be neglected ?

Answer 81

left

Question 82

if someone has a L hemisphere lesion what side will be neglected ?

Answer 82

rigght side barley

Question 83

more visual info comes from which side of the brain

Answer 83

right