lecture 1.3

Question 1

How do Prokaryotes differ from Eukaryotes?

Answer 1

most lack internal membrane systems

Question 2

What are the different shapes?

Answer 2

cooci, bacilli, vibrios, spirilla, spirochetes

Question 3

Cocci=

Answer 3

round sphere

Question 4

How is the arrangment determined?

Answer 4

determined by plane of division

determined by separation or not

Question 5

diplococci=

Answer 5

pairs of spheres

Question 6

streptococci=

Answer 6

chains of spheres

Question 7

staphylococci=

Answer 7

grape like clusters

Question 8

tetrads=

Answer 8

4 cocci in a square

Question 9

sarcinae=

Answer 9

cubic configuration of 8 cocci

Question 10

Bacilli=

Answer 10

rods

Question 11

coccobacilli=

Answer 11

very short rods

Question 12

vibrios=

Answer 12

resemble rods, comma shaped

Question 13

spirilla=

Answer 13

rigid helices

Question 14

spirochetes=

Answer 14

flexible helices

Question 15

mycelium=

Answer 15

network of long, multinucleate filaments

Question 16

pleomorphic=

Answer 16

organisms that are variable in shape

Question 17

How small can a bacteria be?

Answer 17

0.3 μm (Mycoplasma)

Question 18

How large is the average rod?

Answer 18

average rod – 1.1 - 1.5 x 2 – 6 μm (E. coli)

Question 19

How large can bacteria be?

Answer 19

– 600 x 80 μm (Epulopiscium fishelsoni)

Question 20

Why is size/shape important?

Answer 20

important for nutrient uptake

surface to volume ratio (S/V)

Question 21

What typically happens to cells when they are under stress?

Answer 21

When cells are under stress, they typically get rounder and smaller

Question 22

What is an advantage to being small besides S/V ratio

Answer 22

small size may be protective mechanism from predation

Question 23

What are the common features of Bacterial Cell Orginization? (in regards to layers)

Answer 23

Cell envelope – 3 layers
Cytoplasm
External structures

Question 24

What does the Bacterial Cell Evelope contain?

Answer 24

Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Layers outside the cell wall

Question 25

What are some plasma membrane functions?

Answer 25

Encompasses the cytoplasm Selectively permeable barrier Interacts with external environment

Question 26

How does the plasma membrane interact with the external barrier?

Answer 26

receptors for detection of and response to chemicals in surroundings transport systems metabolic processes

Question 27

amphipathic lipid has what two parts?

Answer 27

``` polar ends (hydrophilic – interact with water) non-polar tails (hydrophobic – insoluble in water) ```

Question 28

Peripheral in regards to the plasma membrane=

Answer 28

loosely connected to membrane | easily removed

Question 29

Integral in regards to the plamsa membrane=

Answer 29

amphipathic – embedded within membrane carry out important functions may exist as microdomains

Question 30

bacterial membranes do not contain sterols, but contain what?

Answer 30

hopanoids, sterol like molecules

Question 31

What are the macronutrients?

Answer 31

C O H N S P K Ca Mg and Fe

Question 32

Where can you find C O H N S P?

Answer 32

organic molcules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Question 33

What do you use K Ca Mg and Fe for?

Answer 33

cations used in enzymes and biosynthesis

Question 34

What are the micronutrients?

Answer 34

Mn Zn Co Mo Ni and Cu

Question 35

Where are micronutrients found?

Answer 35

Ofrten in the water or media components

Question 36

What do micronutirents serve for?

Answer 36

Serve as enzymes and cofactors

Question 37

What are the growth factors?

Answer 37

organic compounds essential cell components (or their precursors) that the cell cannot synthesize must be supplied by environment if cell is to survive and reproduce

Question 38

What are the classes of growth factors?

Answer 38

amino acids purines and pyrimidines vitamins heme

Question 39

What are amino acids used for (growth factor)

Answer 39

protien synthesis

Question 40

What are purines and pyrimidines used for? (growth factor)

Answer 40

nucleic acid synthesis

Question 41

What are vitamins used for? (growth factor)

Answer 41

enzyme cofactors

Question 42

What is passive diffusion

Answer 42

Molecules move from region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration between the cell’s interior and the exterior

Question 43

What molecules travel by passive diffusion

Answer 43

H2O, O2, CO2, glycerol, ethanol

Question 44

What is facilitated diffusion

Answer 44

movement of molecules is not energy dependent direction of movement is from high concentration to low concentration size of concentration gradient impacts rate of uptake

Question 45

How is facilited diffusion different from passive diffusion?

Answer 45

uses membrane bound carrier molecules (permeases) smaller concentration gradient is required for significant uptake of molecules effectively transports glycerol, sugars, and amino acids more prominent in eukaryotic cells than in bacteria or archaea

Question 46

What defines active transport?

Answer 46

``` energy-dependent process move molecules against the gradient concentrates molecules inside cell involves carrier proteins (permeases) --carrier saturation effect is observed at high solute concentrations ```

Question 47

What defines an ABC Transporter?

Answer 47

Consist of - 2 hydrophobic membrane spanning domains - 2 cytoplasmic associated ATP-binding domains - Substrate binding domains

Question 48

What is the energy for active transport?

Answer 48

--ATP or proton motive force used

Question 49

What are the types of Secondary Active Transport?

Answer 49

protons symport – two substances both move in the same direction antiport – two substances move in opposite directions

Question 50

symport=

Answer 50

two substances both move in the same direction

Question 51

antiport=

Answer 51

two substances move in opposite directions

Question 52

How does secondary active transport get its energy?

Answer 52

Use ion gradients to cotransport substances

Question 53

What is group translocation?

Answer 53

Energy dependent transport that chemically modifies molecule as it is brought into cell

Question 54

How do micororganisms get iron into the cell

Answer 54

siderophore complexes with ferric ion (iron)