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Biology 438 > lecture 1.5 > Flashcards

lecture 1.5 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What are cytoplasmic structures within bacteria?

A 
Cytoskeleton
Intracytoplasmic membranes
Inclusions
Ribosomes
Nucleoid and plasmids
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2
Q

What is a protoplast?

A

plasma membrane and everything within

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3
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

material bounded by the plasma membrane

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4
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Role in cell division, protein localization, and determination of cell shape

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5
Q

What are FtsZ’s?

A

forms ring during septum

formation for cell division

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6
Q

What forms ring during septum formation for cell division?

A

FtsZ

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7
Q

What does MreB do?

A

rods maintain shape by positioning peptidoglycan synthesis machinery

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8
Q

How do many rods maintain shape by
positioning peptidoglycan
synthesis machinery?

A

MreB’s

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9
Q

What maintains curve shape?

A

CreS

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10
Q

What does CreS do?

A

maintains curve shape

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11
Q

Where are Plasma membrane infoldings observed?

A

observed in many photosynthetic bacteria

observed in many bacteria with high respiratory activity

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12
Q

What are Anammoxosomes?

A

organelle – site of anaerobic ammonia oxidation

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13
Q

What organelle is the site of anaerobic ammonia oxidation?

A

Anammoxosome

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14
Q

What are Inclusions?

A

Granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use

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15
Q

What characterizes inclusions that have a membrane?

A

Single layered
membranes vary in composition
some made of proteins; others contain lipids
may be referred to as microcompartments

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16
Q

How many layers of membrane would an inclusion have?

A

one

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17
Q

What are storage inclsuions?

A

Storage of nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks

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18
Q

What are common storage inclusions?

A 
Glycogen storage
Carbon storage
Polyphosphate-phosphate
cyanophycin granules- amino acides
gas vacuoles
magnetosomes
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19
Q

What stores phosphate?

A

Polyphosphate (Volutin)

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20
Q

what stores amino acids?

A

cyanophycin granules

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21
Q

What are microcompartments?

Study These Flashcards
A

Not bound by membranes but compartmentalized for a specific function

22
Q

What are carboxysomes?

Study These Flashcards
A

CO2 fixing bacteria

23
Q

What is a common microcompartment?

24
Q

What is a gas vacuole?

Study These Flashcards
A

inclusion
found in aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria and archaea
provide buoyancy in gas vesicles

25
What is a magnetosome?
inclusion found in aquatic bacteria magnetite particles for orientation in Earth’s magnetic field cytoskeletal protein MamK (helps form magnetosome chain)
26
Desribe the nucleoid in bacteria/archaea
irregularly shaped region in bacteria and archaea usually not membrane bound (few exceptions) location of chromosome and associated proteins contains the chromosome: usually 1 circular, double stranded DNA molecule supercoiling and nucleoid proteins (HU) probably aid in folding (nucleoid proteins differ from histones)
27
decribe plasmids
Extrachromosomal DNA usually small, closed circular DNA molecules Exist and replicate independently of chromosome may integrate into chromosome Contain few genes that usually are non-essential confer selective advantage to host Classification based on mode of existence, spread, and function may exist in many copies in cell inherited stably during cell division
28
What are some of the advantages to having a plasmid?
confer selective advantage to host e. g. antibiotic resistance, N2 fixation, catabolism of various carbon sources
29
How are plasmids classified?
mode of existence, spread, function, mode of replication, and conjugation
30
where are plasmid found and in what state of DNA?
found in bacteria, archaea, some fungi | usually small, closed circular DNA molecules
31
What is curing?
the loss of a plasmid
32
What is the loss of a plasmid?
curing
33
What does conjugative mean? (in terms of plasmids)
plasmids are plasmids that have the capacity of be transferred from one bacterium to another. Not all plasmids are conjugative.
34
What are external structures?
Extend beyond the cell envelope in bacteria
35
What is the point of external structures?
Function in protection, attachment to surfaces, horizontal gene transfer, cell movement
36
What are some exampls of external structures?
pili and fimbriae | flagella
37
What are Fimbriae?
short, thin, proteinaceous appendages (up to 1,000/cell) | can mediate attachment to surfaces, motility, DNA uptake
38
What are sex pili?
required for conjugation | genes for formation found on plasmids
39
What are flagella?
Threadlike appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall that help in movement, attachement, and virulence
40
What are the functions of flagella?
motility and swarming behavior attachment to surfaces may be virulence factors
41
Monotrichous=
one flagellum
42
Polar flagellum=
flagellum at end of cell
43
Amphitrichous=
one flagellum at each end of cell
44
Lophotrichous=
cluster of flagella at one or both ends
45
Peritrichous=
spread over entire surface of cell
46
What are the patterns of flagella distribution?
monotrichous, polar flagellum, amphitrichous, lophortichous, peritrichous
47
What are the three parts of Flagella?
filament, hook, basal body
48
Describe the filament
extends from cell surface to the tip | hollow, rigid cylinder of flagellin protein
49
Describe the hook
links filament to basal body
50
Describe the basal body
series of rings that drive flagellar motor
51
Describe flagellar synthesis
involving many genes/gene products new flagellin molecules transported through the hollow filament using a specific secretion system filament subunits self-assemble with help of filament cap at tip growth is at tip, not base

Biology 438 (13 decks)

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