Lecture 13 - Memory and the senses Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is the modal model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)?
A linear model proposing that memory consists of:
- Sensory registers (visual, auditory, haptic)
- Short-term store (STS) with control processes (rehearsal, coding, decisions, retrieval strategies
- Long-term store (LTS) for permanent memory
What memory systems did Baddeley & Hitch (1974) propose?
They suggested a multi-component working memory with a central executive overseeing:
- The Phonological Loop (sound/verbal info)
- The Visuo-spatial sketchpad (visual/spatial info)
What is immediate serial recall?
A task requiring items to be recalled in the order presented with no delay between presentation and recall
How is immediate serial recall different from free or delayed recall?
- Free recall: Order doesn’t matter
- Delayed recall: Time gap before recall
What is the phonological similarity effect?
Words that sound alike are harder to recall in immediate serial recall, suggesting memory stores sound-based representations
Does semantic similarity impair immediate serial recall?
No, words with similar meanings (e.g., big, large) do not impair immediate recall, only phonological similarity does
What is the serial position curve?
A pattern in recal tasks showing:
- Primacy effect (better recall of early items)
- Recency effect (better recall of recent/last items)
What did Baddeley & Hitch find about the recency effect?
Recency can occur even in long-term contexts (e.g., rugby matches), suggesting it’s not just due to short-term memory
What is the suffic effect (Crowder, 1972)?
An irrelevant sound after a list impairs recall, demonstrating that sensory memory retains raw auditory features
What is echoic memory?
-A brief auditory sensory memory that retains details like pitch and timbre for 1-10 seconds
- Initally believed to be pre-categorical
How did Neath et al. (1993) challenge the idea of pre-categorical echoic memory?
If the suffix sound (e.g., “baa”) is believed to be human, it disrupts memory more, suggesting context and meaning affect echoic memory
How is verbal information stored according to current views?
Even when read, verbal info is stored with sound-like qualities, resembling an internal echo
What is the irrelevant sound effect (Jones & Macken, 1993)?
Background fluctuating sounds disrupt verbal short-term memory more than steady or deviant sounds
What types of sound disrupt memory most?
Changing-state sounds (e.g., varying tones/words) are more disruptive than steady-state or single deviants
What did Bell et al. (2019) find about how sound is preserved?
- Auditory details are preserved for ~10 seconds
- Sensory memories are shaped by long-term knowledge, context, and current goals
Authors of the modal model of memory?
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
Main stores in the modal model?
-> sensory registers -> STS -> LTS
Components of Baddeley & Hitch’s model?
Central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad
What does “serial” mean in serial recall?
Items must be recalled in order
The phonological similarity effect shows memory retains…?
Sound-based (phonological) info
Long-term recency example study?
Baddeley & Hitch (1977) - rugby matches
Suffex effect is evidence for what?
Auditory sensory memory (Crowder, 1972)
Echoic memory duration?
1-10 seconds
Neath et al. (1993) showed echoic memory is influenced by…?
Perceived source/context
