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Pharmacology > Lecture 14 3/21/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 3/21/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of chloramphenicol?

A

-binds to 50S ribosome
-bacteriostatic
-broad spectrum
-useful for protozoal and intracellular infections

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2
Q

What is the spectrum of chloramphenicol?

A

-high susceptibility of aerobic and anaerobic bact.
-some susceptibility of FAs

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3
Q

Which bacteria are resistant to chloramphenicol?

A

-some MRSA
-some MRSP
-some Enterobacter spp.
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-E. coli

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of chloramphenicol pharmacokinetics?

A

-high lipophilicity
-good oral absorption
-high volume of distribution
-eliminated via hepatic glucuronidation
-half-life varies with species

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5
Q

What is the main toxicity associated with chloramphenicol in people?

A

aplastic anemia

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6
Q

How does the development of aplastic anemia in humans exposed to chloramphenicol impact vet med?

A

chloramphenicol use in food animals is prohibited since the side effect is idiosyncratic instead of dose-related

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7
Q

Besides aplastic anemia, which other toxicities and drug interactions are associated with chloramphenicol?

A

-reversible, dose-related bone marrow depression
-adverse GI effects
-microsomal enzyme inhibition
-antagonization of bactericidal antibiotics

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of chloramphenicol clinical applications?

A

-banned in food animals
-few primary indications
-anaerobic infections
-serious ocular infections
-prostatitis
-otitis
-salmonellosis

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9
Q

What are the general characteristics of florfenicol?

A

-high volume of distribution
-long acting
-bacteriostatic
-combo products available

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10
Q

What are the clinical applications of florfenicol?

A

-less risk of aplastic anemia; used in food animals
-resp. diseases in cattle
-Actinobacillus pneumonia in pigs
-bact. infections in fish

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11
Q

What are the general characteristics of macrolides?

A

-bind to bacterial 50S ribosome
-bacteriostatic
-several subgroups

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12
Q

What is the spectrum of macrolides?

A

-high susceptibility of most gram pos. bact, gram neg. aerobes, and most gram neg. anaerobes
-some susceptibility of gram pos. aerobe Enterococcus
-no susceptibility of gram neg. FAs or gram neg. anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis

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13
Q

Which bacteria are resistant to macrolides?

A

-some Enterobacter spp.
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-E. coli
-Klebsiella spp.
-Salmonella
-Proteus spp.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of macrolides pharmacokinetics?

A

-lipid soluble
-good oral absorption
-hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion
-well distributed/high vol. of dist.
-lung conc. greater than those in plasma

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of macrolide toxicity and adverse effects?

A

-relatively non-toxic
-tilmicosin is cardiotoxic and potentially fatal
-erythromycin and tylosin can be painful IM and cause GI upset
-can cause fatal intestinal flora disturbances in horses

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16
Q

What are the clinical uses of erythromycin?

A

-used with rifampin for Rhodococcus pneumonia in foals
-prokinetic/moves GI tract along

17
Q

What are the clinical uses of tylosin?

A

-gram pos. aerobes and Mycoplasma in small animals (IM)
-inflammatory bowel disease in dogs (PO)

18
Q

What are the clinical uses of tilmicosin/tulathromycin/gamithromycin/tildipirosin?

A

-bovine resp. disease
-resp. infection in pigs

19
Q

What are the characteristics of tilmicosin use?

A

-injection is labelled for resp. infections in cattle and sheep
-inj. used extralabel in rabbits
-oral is labelled for resp. disease in pigs
-injections in horses, swine, goats, primates can be fatal

20
Q

What are the characteristics of azithromycin/clarithromycin clinical use?

A

-high tissue distribution
-used for gram pos., gram neg., intracellular, and parasitic infections

21
Q

What are the characteristics of rifampin?

A

-effective against gram pos. and several gram neg.
-bacteriostatic alone, bactericidal in combo.
-very lipophilic
-used to treat Rhodococcus equi
-fast development of resistance

22
Q

What are the characteristics of lincosamides?

A

-bind to bacterial 50S ribosome
-bacteriostatic
-lipophilic
-well absorbed
-approved use in small animal, pigs, cows

23
Q

What is the spectrum for lincosamides?

A

-high susceptibility of gram pos. anaerobes
-decent susceptibility of gram pos. aerobes, gram pos. FAs, and gram neg. anaerobes
-no susceptibility of gram neg. aerobes or FAs

24
Q

Which bacteria exhibit resistance to lincosamides?

A

-Enterococcus faecalis
-Enterococcus faecium
-some B. fragilis

25
Q

What are the clinical uses of lincomycin?

A

in combo with spectinomycin:
-swine dysentery and mycoplasma
-poultry resp. and enterotoxigenic infections
-parenterally in cattle

26
Q

What are the clinical uses of clindamycin?

A

-anaerobic infections in small animal
-Staph. aureus

27
Q

What is the clinical use of pirlimycin?

A

IMM bovine mastitis caused by gram pos.

28
Q

Why are lincosamides avoided in horses and sheep?

A

they can cause fatal diarrhea

29
Q

What are the characteristics of metronidazole?

A

-reduced metabolites disrupt bact. DNA
-only works in anaerobes and protozoa
-bactericidal
-lipophilic
-well absorbed and distributed

30
Q

What are the adverse effects/toxicities associated with metronidazole?

A

-carcinogenic and mutagenic
-neurotoxicity

31
Q

What are the clinical uses for metronidazole in dogs and cats?

A

-any suspected anaerobic infection
-oral infection
-osteomyelitis
-pneumonia

32
Q

What are the clinical uses for metronidazole in horses?

A

-anaerobic pleuropneumonia
-lung abscesses caused by Bacteroides fragilis

33
Q

Why is metronidazole not used in food animals?

A

it is carcinogenic; do not want to expose humans

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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