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pharmacology > Lecture 20 4/10/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 4/10/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What allows us to use chemical agents against parasites without harming patients?

A

-size of the animal
-route of exposure
-evolutionary distance; can attack targets that are absent in vertebrates

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2
Q

How do parasites differ from other animals?

A

-surface area to volume is higher in smaller creatures
-some ion channels are unique to parasites
-have unmyelinated neurons; differences in synaptic structure and neuromuscular junctions
-differences in enzyme and amino acid synthesis
-unique insect hormones
-organelles unique to parasites
-periods of torpor

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3
Q

How are parasites similar to other animals?

A

-eukaryotes
-fertilization and early embryological development
-oxygen requirement/respiratory systems
-neurotransmitters; flaccid and spastic paralyses
-immune systems
-sensory systems
-digestive systems

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of DDT?

A

-selectively absorbed by chitinous cuticle; acts on nervous system
-banned due to environmental contamination, effects on non-target invertebrates, egg shell thinning
-significant toxicity in cats

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of carbon tetrachloride?

A

-irritating to mucous membranes
-slowly absorbed in intestine
-CNS depression and cardiovascular collapse

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of cats and combination products?

A

-fipronil is labeled for cats for flea/tick control
-canine products add pyrethrin derivatives which are toxic to cats/cause neuro signs

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of monensin?

A

-fermentation product of Streptomyces
-forms ionophores that affect mitochondrial transport of ions
-used in cattle/goats/poultry for coccidiostatic activity
-causes fatal cardiomyopathy/cardiac necrosis in horses/swine

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8
Q

How are new parasiticides approved?

A

-screening of agents for efficacy
-estimate of mammalian toxicity
-experiments on target hosts and parasites
-FDA New Animal Drug Application
-tissue residue and excretion rate for food animal use
-EPA environmental impact statements
-worker safety information
-independent laboratory analysis of efficacy

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9
Q

What prevention measures can be used in place of parasiticides?

A

-engineering controls
-traps
-fly masks
-vaccination
-chemotherapy
-biological controls
-fecal removal and composting
-repellants

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10
Q

How should husbandry be improved in order to prevent parasites?

A

-reduce stress
-good plane of nutrition
-reduce population density
-selective breeding/purposing

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11
Q

What are the delivery methods for endoparasiticides?

A

-oral
-spot ons
-injectables

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12
Q

What are the chemical groupings for anthelmintics?

A

-trematodocides (ivomec plus)
-cestodocides (droncit)
-piperazine
-benzimidazoles (panacur/safeguard)
-imidazothiazoles (levasole)
-tetrahydropyrimidines (strongid)
-macrocyclic lactones/macrolides (heartguard, interceptor)
-cyclic depsipeptides (profender)
-arsenicals (immiticide, diroban)

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13
Q

How do benzimidazoles/probenzimidazoles work?

A

affect tubulin and microtubule assembly; affect repro.

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14
Q

How do tetrahydropyrimidines work?

A

acetylcholine agonist; membrane depolarizer

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15
Q

How do imidazothiazoles work?

A

acetylcholine agonist; membrane depolarizer

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16
Q

How do macrocyclic lactones work?

A

affect glutamate-gated chloride channels

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17
Q

How do isoquinolines work?

A

affect cell membrane permeability

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18
Q

How do arsenicals work?

A

unknown/may affect glycolysis

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19
Q

How does piperazine work?

A

GABA and acetylcholine agonist

20
Q

Which parasites do benzimidazoles/probenzimidazoles target?

A

-nematodes
-trematodes
-cestodes

21
Q

Which parasites do tetrahydropyrimidines target?

A

-nematodes
-cestodes

22
Q

Which parasites do imidazothiazoles target?

A

nematodes

23
Q

Which parasites do macrocyclic lactones target?

A

-nematodes
-ectoparasites

24
Q

Which parasites do isoquinolines target?

A

-trematodes
-cestodes

25
Q

Which parasites do cyclic depsipeptides target?

A

nematodes

26
Q

Which parasites do benzene sulfonamides target?

A

trematodes

27
Q

Which parasites do arsenicals target?

A

nematodes

28
Q

Which parasites do heterocyclics target?

A

nematodes

29
Q

Why is praziquantel used for platyhelminths?

A

-impairs function of suckers
-increases contraction of strobila
-increases calcium ion flux into parasite

30
Q

What is the MOA for benzene sulfonamides?

A

inhibits enzymes of the glycolytic pathway; impaired energy production

31
Q

What are the adverse effects of isoquinolones?

A

-typically safe
-cats may vomit
-transient injection site pain
-occasional drowsiness and weakness

32
Q

What is most important in cestode and trematode control?

A

-separation from sources of reinfection
-consider snails/IH
-consider mammal and arthropod IH for cestodes

33
Q

Why is pyrantel used for nematodes?

A

mimics action of excitatory neurotransmitters, leading to spastic paralysis, muscle contraction, and starvation

34
Q

What are the adverse effects of piperazine?

A

-almost non-toxic
-ascarid impaction/rupture
-emesis
-diarrhea
-incoordination/head pressing

35
Q

Which parasites CANNOT be treated with piperazine?

A

hookworms

36
Q

Which parasite is the main target of piperazine?

A

ascarids

37
Q

What are the adverse effects of benzimidazoles?

A

-usually very safe; prolonged exposure needed for effective treatment
-can cause abortion in ruminants and dogs
-teratogenic in sheep
-liver disease in dogs
-bone marrow suppression in dogs
-thromboischemic pinnal necrosis in dogs

38
Q

What are the characteristics of benzimidazole resistance?

A

-cyathostome resistance and ascarid resistance in horses
-Cooperia/trichostrongyle resistance in cattle
-Haemonchus resistance in small ruminants
-hookworm resistance

39
Q

Which animals should benzimidazoles NOT be used in?

A

-lactating dairy cattle/dairy cattle
-veal calves

40
Q

What are the adverse effects of imidazothiazoles/levamisole?

A

-mimics organophosphate toxicity
-similar MOA to pyrantel/morantel; should not be co-administered
-antagonistic to piperazine

41
Q

What are the adverse effects of tetrahydropyrimidines?

A

-side effects unlikely
-low incidence of vomiting in puppies
-antagonistic of piperazine
-similar MOA to levamisole

42
Q

Which animals are treated with benzene sulfonamides?

A

-cattle
-sheep
-llamas

43
Q

Which animals are treated with isoquinolones?

A

-dogs
-cats
-horses
-sheep
-goats
-chickens

44
Q

Which animals are treated with piperazine?

A

-dogs
-cats
-poultry
-swine
-safe in neonates

45
Q

Which animals are treated with benzimidazoles?

A

-dogs
-cats
-cattle
-horses
-sheep
-goats
-pigs
-rabbits
-rodents
-camelids
-birds
-reptiles

46
Q

Which animals are treated with imidazothiazoles?

A

-cattle
-sheep
-swine

47
Q

Which animals are treated with tetrahydropyrimidines?

A

-dogs
-cats
-horses
-swine
-cattle
-goats
-sheep
-rabbits
-camelids
-birds

pharmacology (27 decks)

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