Lecture 14: Nutrition In Pregnancy And Lactation Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are 5 risk factors during pregnancy and lactation that could have adverse effects?
- Folic acid deficiency —> neural tube defects
- High doses vitamin A —> birth defects
- High alcohol —> fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
- Underweight —> inability to ovulate, increased risk of premature delivery, possible poor growth
- Obesity —> infertility, possible gestational diabetes, hypertension during pregnancy, difficult delivery
What are 5 ways in which an individual can prepare for healthy pregnancy?
- Address on-going health issues
- Address substantial weight above or below healthy weight range
- Eliminate tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs
- Ensure adequate vitamin and mineral intake from balanced diet
- Folic acid supplement for at least one month prior
What does the nutrient supply from the mother to the fetus look like?
- The placenta exchanges nutrients between mother and fetus, this is somewhat influenced by quantity and quality of the maternal diet
- The fetus is usually prioritized by the body over the body of the mother
- Increased maternal absorption of some nutrients
- Increased bone turnover (facilitating calcium needs)
In which trimesters are energy requirements the highest?
In the third trimester, but the second trimester is also much higher
What are 6 risks of having excessive maternal weight gain (during pregnancy)?
- caesarean delivery
- pre-eclampsia
- gestational diabetes
- postpartum obesity (of the mother)
- large infants
- higher BMI in childhood
What are 3 risks associated with low birth weight in infants?
- long term morbidity
- deficits in growth and cognitive development
- diabetes and heart disease later in life
—> specifically risky in tenn pregnancy due to mothers own continued development
What are the nutrient requirements for protein, iron, iodine and vitamin D during pregnancy?
Protein: Extra amount is fairly small and usually easily provided in normal Western diet
—> high protein may have adverse effects
Iron: Iron demands are increased for iron during pregnancy, specifically during the second and third trimester
—> Iron absorption increases significantly during pregnancy
Iodine: It is recommended to take a iodine tablet from the start of pregnancy until you stop breastfeeding
Vitamin D: Only women who are at high r sick of vitamin D deficiency may need supplements
What are the risks associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy and lactation?
- Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
- Effects of alcohol greatest in few weeks after conception
- Alcohol effects during breastfeeding are a bit less clear because there is not much research due to ethical concerns, which is why the recommendations regarding this are less clear
What are 5 foods that are not considered safe for pregnant women?
- soft cheeses
- raw milk and dairy products
- soft serve ice cream
- raw eggs
- processed meats
When and what are polyunsaturated fatty acids good for in pregnancy?
PUFAs are necessary for normal brain growth and development in infants, especially in the last trimester
What are 4 categories of foods that are generally avoided by women in pregnancy, and what is the percentage of women that avoid it?
- alcohol
- caffeinated drinks
- raw fish and shellfish
- deli-based foods
—> 87% of women avoided these foods in NZ
What are the NZ recommendations surrounding breastfeeding?
- Exclusively breastfeed to around 6 months (no other foods/liquids)
- Continue to breastfeed up to 2 years or longer
What is the overall energy cost of lactation?
2600kJ per day for exclusively breastfeeding women (more than being pregnant)
—> met by mobilization of fat stores and increased energy intake
—> value varies when complementary feeding is introduced or baby becomes partially breastfed
What are 8 benefits of breastfeeding for babies?
- build strong emotional bond
- easily digestible, available and fresh
- perfect blend of nutrients and protective antibodies
- helps growth and develop physically, cognitively and emotionally
- help protect babies from infections
- reduces risk of SUDI (sudden unexplained death in infancy)
- decreases the risk of obesity, high blood pressure, heart dieas and type 2 diabetes
- associated with improved performance in intelligence tests (although not huge differences)
What are 6 benefits of breastfeeding for the mother?
- saves time and money
- reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes
- reduces risk of hip fracture
- less likely to become pregnant while breastfeeding
- promotes emotional health
- promotes postpartum weight loss
How many women are initiating breastfeeding, are exclusively breastfeeding until 6 months, and are breastfeeding for > 12 months?
Initiating: 97%
Exclusively at 6 months: 16%
> 12 months: 37%
What are 6 barriers to breastfeeding?
- sore breasts
- difficulty getting baby to latch on
- returning to paid work
- tiredness
- generational differences
- lack of support/eduction (from others)
What are 6 things that are in the code of marketing breast-milk substitutes?
- forbids direct contact between commercial representatives and medical personnel/mothers/pregnant women
- may not distribute free samples of substitute milk
- advertisements must not target infants younger than 6 months
- no promotional distribution of pacifiers/bottles
- may not distribute promotional gifts to health workers
- images of mother and children on the packets are forbidden
