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MICR 130 > Lecture 14: principles of disease and epidemiology > Flashcards

Lecture 14: principles of disease and epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

disease causing microorganism

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2
Q

What is Pathology?

A

the study of disease

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3
Q

Define etiology

A

the study of the CAUSES of disease

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4
Q

What is pathogensis?

A

the process of the development of disease

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5
Q

What is an infection?

A

pathogens invade/colonize the body

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6
Q

What is a disease?

A

abnormal state of the body in which it is not performing normally - Functionally & Structurally

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7
Q

When does the human microbiom develop? How many cells?

A

in utero- before birth
~ 40 trill bacterial cells

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8
Q

What is the human microbiome project (2007)?

A

analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health

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9
Q

What are normal microbiota?

A

permanently colonize the host & do not cause disease under normal conditions

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10
Q

What are transient microbiota?

A

may be present for days, weeks, or months

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11
Q

The distrubution and composition of normal microbiota are determined by what factors?

A

nutrients
physical & chem factors
host defenses
- immune system
mechanical factors
- chewing

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12
Q

What is microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion)?

A

competition between normal & harmful microbes for food, energy, etc.

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13
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

relationship between normal microbiota and the host

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14
Q

What is commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism?

A

commensalism: one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected
mutualism: both organism benefit
parasitism: one organism benefits at the expense of the other

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15
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

may cause disease in immunocompromised or unhealthy people
- take the opportunity to attack its host since immune system is not as strong to fight back

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16
Q

Who was Koch, and what did he do?

A

german physicist & microbiologist
- discovered some disease causing bacteria
- incl: anthrax, cholera

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17
Q

What does Koch’s Postulates state?

A
  1. same pathogen must be present in every case of one disease
  2. pathogen must be isolated from disease host & grown in pure culture
  3. pathogen from. pure culture must cause disease when inoculated into a healthy lab animal
  4. pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the orig organism
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18
Q

What is Koch’s postulates used for?

A

prove whether a microorganism is the cause of an infectious disease

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19
Q

What are some exceptions to Kochs postulates?

A
  • some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
  • some pathogens cause disease only in humans
  • some microbes have never been cultured
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20
Q

How can we classify infectious diseases?

A

symptoms: changes in bodily function felt by patient as a result of disease
signs: changes in body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
syndrome: specific group of signs & symptoms that accompany a disease

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21
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

disease that is spread from one host to another

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22
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A

disease that are easily & rapidly spread from one host to another

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23
Q

What is noncommunicable disease?

A

disease that is not spread from one host to another
ex: diabetes, cancer

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24
Q

What is an incidence & a risk, relating to disease?

A

of people who develop a disease during a particular time period
risk= measures rate of new onsets of disease

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25
What is prevalence?
of people who developed a disease at a point in time, regardless of when it first appeared
26
What is a sporadic disease?
occurs only occasionally
27
What is an endemic disease
constantly present in a population
28
what is an epidemic disease?
occurence of a disease or health related event clearly in excess of a normal expectation
29
What is a pandemic disease?
epidemic that spreads across regions
30
What is acute disease?
symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time
31
What is a chronic disease?
symptoms develop slowly & last a long period of time/indefinitely
32
What is a subacute disease?
intermediate between acute and chronic
33
What is a latent disease?
causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms
34
What is a herd immunity?
immunity in most of a population
35
What is a local infection?
pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
36
What is systemic (generalized) infection?
an infection throughout the body
37
What is a focal infection?
systemic infection that began as a local infection
38
What is sepsis?
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infeciton
39
What is bacteremia?
bacteria in the blood
40
What is septicemia?
growth of bacteria in the blood
41
What is toxemia?
toxins in the blood
42
What is viremia?
viruses in the blood
43
What is primary infection?
acute infection that causes the initial illness
44
What is secondary infection?
opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
45
What is a subclinical disease?
no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
46
What are predisposing factors?
genders inherited traits climate & weather lack of vaccination fatigue age lifestyle nutrition chemotherapy
47
What are the periods of the development disease?
incubation period: interval between initial infection & first signs and symptoms prodromal period: short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms period of illness: disease is most severe period of decline: signs and symptoms subside period of convalescene: body returns to its prediseased state
48
What are reservoirs of infection?
provides a pathogen with adequate conditions to survive, multiply, and transmit
49
What is a human reservoir?
Diseases that are transmitted from person to person without intermediaries carriers may have inapparent infections or latent disease
50
What are animal reservoirs?
diseases that are transmitted from animal to animal - zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans
51
What are nonliving reservoirs?
soil and water
52
What is direct contact transmission
requires close association between the infected and a susceptible host - monkey pox
53
What is congenital transmission
transmission from mother to fetus or newborn at birth - congenital syphilis
54
What is indirect contact transmission
spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite fomite - objects or materials which are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture. - salmonella
55
What is droplet transmission
transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter - covid-19
56
What is vehicle transmission? Give examples
transmission by an inanimate reservoir - airborne tuberculosis - waterborne leptospirosis - foodborne salmonella
57
What are vectors? give examples
infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species - arthropods: fleas, ticks, mosquitos
58
What are the two different ways vectors transmit diseases?
1. mechanical transmission; arthropod carries pathogen on its feet - flies & shigella 2. biological transmission: pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites/feces - mosquitos & malaria
59
What are healthcare-associated infections?
acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility - nosocomial infections affect 1 in 25 hospital patients - 2 mill per year infected, over 70,000 deaths - 3% preventable
60
What do HAIs (healthcare-associated infections)
- microorganisms in the hospital environment - weakened status of the host - chain of transmission in a hospital
61
What are universal precautions?
safety precautions used with every client
62
What are standard precautions?
basic, minimum practices - ppe, hand and respiratory hygiene
63
What are transmission based precautions?
supplemental to standard precautions; designed for known or suspected infections - contact precautions - droplet precautions - airborne precautions
64
What are ways we can reduce number of pathogens?
handwashing - health care workers only wash their hands before handling patients 40% of the time - disinfecting tubs used to bath limiting antibiotics
65
What are emerging infectious diseases?
new diseases, increasing in incidence, showing a potential to increase in the near future - most are zoonotic, of viral origin, likely to be vector-borne 75%
66
What are the criteria of emerging infectious diseases?
- distinctly different symptoms - local disease -> widespread - rare disease -> commom - mild -> severe - increase in lifespan - public health failure - bioterrorism
67
What are the 4 steps to address EIDs?
1. detect, investigate, & monitor pathogen, disease, factors of influence 2. expand research on host interactions, environmental factors, and microbial adaptations 3. enhance communication and implementation of prevention strategies 4. establish plans to monitor and control EIDs worldwide
68
define epidemiology
study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in human populations
69
What is an epidemiologists? What do they do?
determine causes and origin of disease - identify important factors concerning the spread of disease - help develop methods for controlling a disease - comparisons - assemble data and graphs
70
What are the basic tenent(s) of epidemiology?
disease is not randomly distributed in popul;ations different pop. subgroups may experience disease occurrence differently - exploring why - clues to disease causation or prevention may be found
71
Who is the father of epidemiology?
John Snow - contact contamination - sanitation - broad st.pump handle - Koch
72
Who is "the lady with the lamp"
- Florence Nightingale - founder of modern nursing - nurse and statistician - 1000-page statistical report > soldiers > disease, food, unsanitary conditions
73
What is descriptive epidemiology?
the study of the distribution of health-related events by: - collecting all data that describe the occurence of a disease under study - helps generate hypothesis JOHN SNOW
74
What kind of data is collected in descriptive epidemiology?
- person (who) > age, sex, ethnicity, SES, occupation, behavioral practices - Time (when) > seasonal, incubation period - Place (where) > urban vs rural, variation by geographic location, clustering
75
What is analytical epidemiology?
study of determinants of causes of disease - analyzes a particular disease to understand its cause - comparison group - helps test hypothesis FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
76
What is experimental epidemiology?
involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments - clinical trial: test & control group - community intervention trials
77
What does the CDC do?
collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the US - publishes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) > morbidity; incidence of specific notifiable diseases > mortality; deaths from these notifiable disease
78
What are notifiable infectious diseases? Morbidity rate? Mortality rate?
NID: diseases in which physicians are required to report occurrence morbidity rate: # of new cases of disease over a specific time in relation to total population mortality rate: # of new cases of deaths from a disease over a specific time in relation to total population
79
What is an example of a foodborne pathogen?
salmonella, norovirus, HEP A
80
Indirect transmission can be spread by a non-living object known as __________.
fomite
81
Give an example of contact transmission, vehicle transmission, mechanical transmission, & biological transmission
- stis - waterborne, foodborne, or airborne - flies - mosquitos
82
What is the difference between biological and mechanical vector?
mechanical spreads via feet biological spreads via replication inside vector host
83
What interacting factors result in nosocomial infections
microorganisms in hospital weakened state of host chain of transmission
84
What is a compromised host?
a host whose ability to fight infection is weakened
85
How can nosocomial infections be prevented?
hand washing, respiratory hygiene, PPE, disinfecting
86
After learning that 40 hospital employees developed nausea & vomiting, the hospital infection control officer determined that 39 ill people ate green beans in the hospital cafeteria, compared to 34 healthy people who ate in the cafeteria the same day but did not eat green beans in the hospital cafeteria. What type of epidemiology is this?
analytical
87
What kind of observational study was florence nightingales study with the military?
case-control study
88
Morbidity vs Mortality
- # of persons disease - # of deaths

MICR 130 (12 decks)

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