Lecture 4 & chp4

Question 1

What is a Prokaryote?

Answer 1

cells that share certain rRNA sequences

Question 2

What is a eukaryote?

Answer 2

cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus

Question 3

What does DORA stand for?

Answer 3

DNA, Organelles, Reproduction, Average size

Question 4

DORA Prokaryote

Answer 4

D:
- naked
- circular
- usually no introns
O:
- no nucleus
- not membrane bound
- 70S ribosomes
R
- binary fission
- single chromosome
(haploid)
A:
smaller (~1-5μm)

Question 5

DORA eukaryote

Answer 5

D:
- bound to protein
- linear
- usually has introns
O:
- has a nucleus
- membrane bound
- 80S ribosones
R:
- mitosis & meiosis
- chromosomes paired
(diploid or more)
A:
Larger (~10-100μm)

Question 6

What are Cocci

Answer 6

spherical or roughly spherical bacterium

Question 7

What are diplococci

Answer 7

cocci that divide and remain attached in pairs

Question 8

What are strepococci

Answer 8

cocci that remain attached in chains after cell division

Question 9

What are tetrads

Answer 9

group of cocci

Question 10

What are sarcinae

Answer 10

group of 8 bacteria that remain in packet after dividing

Question 11

What are staphylococci

Answer 11

grape-like cluster or broad sheet

Question 12

WHat are diplobacilli

Answer 12

rods that divide and remain attached in pairs

Question 13

What are streptobacilli

Answer 13

rods that remain attached in chains after cell division

Question 14

What is Glycocalyx

Answer 14

gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell
- composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both

Question 15

What are the two types of glycolyx

Answer 15

capsule: neatly organized, firmly attached
slime layer: unorganized and loose

Question 16

What is a Flagella

Answer 16

thin appendage from the surface of the cell
- used for cellular locomotion

Question 17

What are Archaella

Answer 17

like flagella but thinner, more solid

Question 18

What are Axial filaments

Answer 18

structure for motility found in spirochetes

Question 19

What are Fimbriae and Pili

Answer 19

• hairlike appendages that allow for attachment
• involved in motility

Question 20

Gram-Positive vs Gram-Negative cell walls

Answer 20

cell walls:
+: layers of petidoglycan

-: thin layer peptidoglycan

Question 21

What are Gram-Neg cell walls made of?

Answer 21

lippopolysaccharide

Question 22

What are Atypical cell walls?

Answer 22

acid-fast cell walls
waxy lipid bound to peptidoglycan

Question 23

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 23

phospholipid bilayer encloses cytoplasm
selectively permeable
contain enzymes for atp production

Question 24

Passive vs Active process

Answer 24

p: high to low concentration; no energy needed
a: low to high concentration; energy needed

Question 25

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 25

substance inside plasma membrane; cytoskeleton

Question 26

What is the nucleoid?

Answer 26

irregular shaped region that contains the DNA

Question 27

What are ribosomes?

Answer 27

sites of protein synthesis; made of protein and rRNA

Question 28

What are endospores?

Answer 28

resting cells; produced when nutrients are depleted

Question 29

What is the nucleus?

Answer 29

nuclear envelope contains cells DNA

Question 30

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Answer 30

- produces proteins for rest of cell to function folded transport network

Question 31

Rough ER vs Smooth ER

Answer 31

r: studded w/ ribosomes; sites of protein synthesis s: no ribosomes; synthesizes cell membranes, fats & hormones

Question 32

What is the golgi complex?

Answer 32

- package protein into vesicles transport organelle; modifies proteins from ER transports modified proteins via secretory vesicles

Question 33

What are lysosomes?

Answer 33

vesicles formed in golgi complex; contain digestive enzymes

Question 34

What are vacuoles?

Answer 34

bring food into cells, excrete waste

Question 35

What are mitochondria?

Answer 35

double membrane; involved in ATP production

Question 36

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 36

locations of photosynthesis

Question 37

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 37

oxidize fatty acids; destroy

Question 38

What are centrosomes?

Answer 38

networks of protein & centrioles; critical role in cell division

Question 39

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 39

large bacteria cells engulfed small bacterial cells, developing the first eukaryotes