Lecture 15

Question 1

What does the term lophorophata mean?

Answer 1

Crest/tuft bearing

Question 2

Classification of lophophorates

Answer 2

Triploblastic metazoans with a segmented colelom (partitioned mesodermic cavity)

Question 3

How do lophophorates obtain their nutrients?

Answer 3

Active filter-feeders

Question 4

Lophophorates environment

Answer 4

Dominantly marine

Question 5

Lophophorates life mode

Answer 5

Benthic, sessile

Question 6

Lophophorates specific nutrition mode

Answer 6

Microphagous/detrivorous

Question 7

Lophophore

Answer 7

Horshoe- or spiral-shaped feeding organ bearing small ciliated tentacles that converge in a central mouth from which the gut descends

Question 8

Functions of lophophore

Answer 8

Water circulation
Feeding
Oxygenation

Question 9

3 phyla of lophophorata

Answer 9

Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
Bryozoa (ectroprocts; moss animals)
Brachiopoda

Question 10

Phoronida (horseshoe worms)

Answer 10

Phore = bearing in front
Individual living in a tube
No (undisputed) body fossils

Question 11

Bryozoa

Answer 11

Bryo = moss
Colonies with a moss-like appearance
Excellent fossil record

Question 12

Brachipoda

Answer 12

Brachio = arm
Pode = foot
2 distinct valves
Large fossil record

Question 13

Brachiopods are characteristic of what type of fauna?

Answer 13

Cambrian and Paleozoic

Question 14

In the phylum phoronida, where do organisms live?

Answer 14

In a chitinous cylindrical tube fixed to the substrate

Question 15

Explain the life mode of the phylum bryozoa

Answer 15

Every individual (zooid) forms a small chitinous chamber in which it lives as part of a larger colony (zoarium)

Question 16

Stratigraphic range of bryozoa

Answer 16

Lower Ordovician-recent

Question 17

Polypid of phylum Bryozoa

Answer 17

Movable part of the zooid (soft tissue)

Question 18

Cystid/zoecium of phylum Bryozoa

Answer 18

Zooid wall, outer static part of the zooid (fossilizable)
Small chamber formed through a secretion by the ectoderm
Chitinous exoskeleton, reinforced by CaCO3
Opening with perostome, sometimes having an operculum

Question 19

Zooid of phylum Bryozoa

Answer 19

Individual, single member of a colony

Question 20

Zoarium of phylum Bryozoa

Answer 20

Includes all individuals/zooids of the colony

Question 21

Name 2 prominent examples of the phylum Bryozoa

Answer 21

Archimedes
Fenestrate

Question 22

Name the 2 main Bryozoan classes

Answer 22

Stenolaemata
Gymnolaemata

Question 23

Stemolaemata stratigraphic range

Answer 23

Ordovician-recent

Question 24

Gymnolaemata stratigraphic range

Answer 24

Devonian-recent

Question 25

Morphology of brachiopods

Answer 25

Calcareous or phosphatic shell Two valves, inequivalve, each shell is characterized by a bilateral symmetry

Question 26

Ecology of brachiopoda

Answer 26

Exclusively marine, benthic, sessile Very abundant during Paleozoic and Mesozoic - shallow water Most modern brachiopods are found in deep and/or cold waters

Question 27

Stratigraphy of brachipods

Answer 27

Lower Cambrian-present

Question 28

2 important features of brachiopods

Answer 28

Pedicle Lophophore

Question 29

In brachiopods, what is the lophophore supported by?

Answer 29

The brachidium

Question 30

How do brachiopods open and close valves?

Answer 30

Actively by means of pairs of muscles Opening: Diductor muscles Closing: Adductor muscles Orientation: Adjustor muscles

Question 31

Names of brachiopod valves

Answer 31

Pediclar valve (top) Brachial valve (bottom)

Question 32

Pedicle valve

Answer 32

Contains foramen, through which passes the pedicle 2 openings below the forman contain the delthyrium

Question 33

Brachial valve

Answer 33

Contains the brachidium

Question 34

Classes in Brachiopoda phylum

Answer 34

Articulata Craniiformea Lingulata

Question 35

What happened at the Permo/Triassic extinction?

Answer 35

Faunal change from brachiopods to bivalves