Lecture 15 3/26/24 Flashcards by Danika Boltz

What are the characteristics of feline resp. disease complex?

-includes feline rhinotracheitis/feline herpesvirus 1 and feline calicivirus
-often complicated by secondary infections
-transmitted by fomites and aerosols

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What are the clinical signs of feline resp. disease complex?

-fever
-tearing
-rhinitis
-salivation
-depression
-anorexia
-ocular signs (FHV specific)
-oral signs (calicivirus specific)

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How is FRDC diagnosed?

-clinical signs
-scrapes or staining of conjunctiva
-PCR

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Which antiviral is typically used against FRDC?

famciclovir (off-label)

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Which vaccine covers both FHV and calicivirus?

FVRCP vx

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What are the characteristics of feline coronavirus?

-tropism for GI and/or resp. systems
-development of FIP leads to multi-system involvement
-threat to both domestic and non-domestic felines
-leading cause of death younger than 2 years old

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What are the characteristics of FCoV serotype 1?

-unique feline strains
-most prevalent
-receptor unknown

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What are the characteristics of FCoV serotype 2?

-recombination of FCoV type 1 with canine coronavirus
-receptor is aminopeptidase-N found in intestinal brush border cells

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How do the different FCoV serotypes play into infection?

-the two types can simultaneously infect a host
-both types have been found in inapparent, persistent, and FIP-associated infections

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What are the risk factors for FCoV, based on host, environment, and agent?

host:
-genetics
-early weaning
-overcrowding
-concurrent infections
-stress
environment:
-overcrowding
-shared litter boxes
-inflammatory diet
agent:
-severity of exposure
-virulence and mutability
-serotype

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What are the characteristics of FCoV transmission/life cycle?

-transmitted fecal-oral
-replicates in small int. epithelial cells
-can shed in feces, saliva, urine
-carrier status possible
-stress increases viral shedding load

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What is the pathophysiology that converts FCoV to FIP?

-FCoV enters GI tracts and makes its way to Peyer’s patch macrophages
-virus mutates and acquires virulence factors that allow for macrophage infection and replication within them
-leads to rapid dissemination of macrophages from Peyer’s patches throughout the lymphatics
-type III hypersensitivities can occur, such as antigen/antibody complexes
-increased vascular permeability and circulating inflammatory cells can lead to fluid buildup in abdominal cav.

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What are the clinical signs of FCoV?

initial infection:
-can be subclinical
-mild/severe diarrhea
-mild resp. symptoms
enteritis stage:
-severe acute or chronic vomiting
-diarrhea +/- weight loss
-incontinence
FIP:
-multisystemic inflammatory vasculitis

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What are the clinical signs of effusive FIP?

-abdominal distension +/- thoracic effusion
-muffled heart sounds
-pyrexia
-weight loss
-dyspnea/tachypnea
-pale or icteric MMs
-abdominal masses

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What are the clinical signs of non-effusive FIP?

-mild pyrexia
-anorexia
-dull/depressed
-ocular changes
-neurologic abnormalities
-dyspnea
-icterus
-abnormal abdominal palpation

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How can FCoV/FIP be diagnosed?

-PCR
-bloodwork/serum chem values
-liver values
-histology
-effusion analysis
-antibody titers

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What are the characteristics of FIP treatment?

-no treatment to prevent FCoV becoming FIP
-no approved drugs for FIP in US; supportive care only
-FIP often fatal; QOL major factor
-nucleoside analog currently used for treatment in China

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What are the characteristics of FCoV/FIP management/control?

-FIP has no cat-to-cat transmission, only FCoV
-wait 2 months before new cat introductions
-disinfect surfaces regularly
-minimize # of cats in household
-vaccine available, but not recommended

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What are the characteristics of feline panleukopenia virus?

-highly contagious
-stable and ubiquitous
-transmitted via fomites, direct contact, fecal-oral, or in utero
-cannot be inactivated with alcohol

What is the pathogenesis of feline panleuk. systemic infection?

-intranasal or oral infection or oropharynx and lymphoid tissues
-viremia and dissemination
-lymphoid depletion and thymic involution
-GI replication in intestinal crypts leads to blunted villi
-decreased absorption, increased permeability

What is the pathogenesis of feline panleuk. in utero?

-early: fetal death, infertility, abortion, mummified fetuses
-late/neonatal: cerebellar hypoplasia

What are the clinical signs of feline panleuk.?

-fever
-depression
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-dehydration
-thickened intestinal loops
-mesentery lymphadenopathy
-cerebellar hypoplasia signs

How can feline panleuk. be diagnosed?

-clinical signs
-blood work
-serology
-ELISA (not common due to reactivity with MLV vx)
-PCR

How is feline panleuk. treated?

-supportive care
-isolation from other cats

How is feline panleuk. prevented?

-vaccination -decontamination of environment

What are the characteristics of panleuk. immunity?

-shedding can occur following vx that may "immunize" other cats -thought that infection leads to life-long immunity

What are the characteristics of FeLV?

-exogenous retrovirus -replicates in bone marrow, salivary glands, resp. epithelium -not zoonotic

What are the characteristics of FeLV subtypes?

-FeLV-A: cat-to-cat transmission -FeLV-A + proto-oncogenes = feline sarcoma virus -FeLV-B, -C, and -T: mutated forms of FeLV-A

What are the characteristics of feline sarcoma virus?

-endogenous retrovirus -viral-induced sarcoma + FeLV leads to fibrosarcoma -FeLV recombines with cat's cellular DNA to transduce a proto-oncogene already present from previous FSV infection -different from feline injection site sarcoma

What are the characteristics of FeLV transmission?

-can be horizontal or vertical -exposure routes include oral/nasal, saliva, transplacental, milk, urine, feces, blood, fomites

What is the early pathophysiology of FeLV?

-oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue is infected -monocytes and lymphocytes travel to distant tissues; primary viremia -infection gets to bone marrow and establishes in leukocytes and platelet progenitors

What are the characteristics of an abortive FeLV outcome?

-primary viremia -immune response is sufficient to eliminate infection -diagnostics with be neg. for viral RNA, proviral DNA, and antigen -diagnostics will be pos. for antibodies

What are the characteristics of a regressive FeLV outcome?

-initially antigen pos. on ELISA and PCR, but neg. by IFA -no shedding -high neutralizing Ab titer -when reactivation occurs will see proviral replication and weak PCR pos.

What are the characteristics of a progressive FeLV outcome?

-poor immune response to infection -initially antigen pos. on ELISA and PCR, but neg. by IFA -all antigen and PCR tests become pos. as infection progresses -low/undetectable neutralizing antibodies -shortest survival

Which animals are at greatest risk for FeLV?

young kittens

What are the clinical signs of FeLV?

-anorexia/weight loss -poor coat -enlarged LNs -fever -gingivitis/stomatitis/pale gums that is not cured by extractions -anemia -skin/bladder/URT infections -diarrhea -seizures/behavior changes/neuro disorders -abortion -neoplasia

When should FeLV testing be done in different animals?

-kittens: prior to initial vx series -adults: prior to vx series -previously outdoor cats: prior to introductions to other cats -any animals with recurrent infections or suspicious clinical signs

What are the characteristics of FeLV treatment and prevention?

-treatment geared towards managing immune-compromised status and symptoms -prevention best done through vx and keeping cats indoors

What are the characteristics of FIV?

-causes dysregulation of CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio -can occur as a co-infection with FeLV -horizontal transmission most common (saliva), vertical transmission possible

What is the pathogenesis of FIV?

-initially targets CD4+ T cells and monocytes/macrophages -over time, tropism changes and virus begins infecting B cells and CD8+ T cells -has acute, asymptomatic, and clinical phases

What are the characteristics of the FIV acute phase?

-CD4/8 decline in first few weeks -immune response leads to antibody production, increase in CD8 T cells, and decrease in antigen levels -can see transient fever, lymphadenomegaly, lymphopenia -pos. for both antibodies and antigens -1-3 months

What are the characteristics of the FIV asymptomatic phase?

-subclinical -months to years -may never progress -pos. for antibodies, neg. for antigens

What are the characteristics of the FIV clinical phase?

-decline of both CD4 and CD8 T cells -predisposition to secondary infections and neoplasia -can see oral stomatitis, gingivitis, colitis, recurrent infections, parasitic infections, and fungal infections -pos. for antibodies and antigens

What are the diagnostic options for FIV?

-ELISA for antibody -PCR for nucleic acid -western blot for antibody

How many days after infection does it take for FIV antibodies to be detected?

60 days

What are the characteristics of FIV treatment and control?

-no cure, only supportive care -no vx; keep cats indoor or outdoor restricted