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Virology > Lecture 15 3/26/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 3/26/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of feline resp. disease complex?

A

-includes feline rhinotracheitis/feline herpesvirus 1 and feline calicivirus
-often complicated by secondary infections
-transmitted by fomites and aerosols

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline resp. disease complex?

A

-fever
-tearing
-rhinitis
-salivation
-depression
-anorexia
-ocular signs (FHV specific)
-oral signs (calicivirus specific)

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3
Q

How is FRDC diagnosed?

A

-clinical signs
-scrapes or staining of conjunctiva
-PCR

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4
Q

Which antiviral is typically used against FRDC?

A

famciclovir (off-label)

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5
Q

Which vaccine covers both FHV and calicivirus?

A

FVRCP vx

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of feline coronavirus?

A

-tropism for GI and/or resp. systems
-development of FIP leads to multi-system involvement
-threat to both domestic and non-domestic felines
-leading cause of death younger than 2 years old

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of FCoV serotype 1?

A

-unique feline strains
-most prevalent
-receptor unknown

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of FCoV serotype 2?

A

-recombination of FCoV type 1 with canine coronavirus
-receptor is aminopeptidase-N found in intestinal brush border cells

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9
Q

How do the different FCoV serotypes play into infection?

A

-the two types can simultaneously infect a host
-both types have been found in inapparent, persistent, and FIP-associated infections

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for FCoV, based on host, environment, and agent?

A

host:
-genetics
-early weaning
-overcrowding
-concurrent infections
-stress
environment:
-overcrowding
-shared litter boxes
-inflammatory diet
agent:
-severity of exposure
-virulence and mutability
-serotype

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of FCoV transmission/life cycle?

A

-transmitted fecal-oral
-replicates in small int. epithelial cells
-can shed in feces, saliva, urine
-carrier status possible
-stress increases viral shedding load

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12
Q

What is the pathophysiology that converts FCoV to FIP?

A

-FCoV enters GI tracts and makes its way to Peyer’s patch macrophages
-virus mutates and acquires virulence factors that allow for macrophage infection and replication within them
-leads to rapid dissemination of macrophages from Peyer’s patches throughout the lymphatics
-type III hypersensitivities can occur, such as antigen/antibody complexes
-increased vascular permeability and circulating inflammatory cells can lead to fluid buildup in abdominal cav.

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of FCoV?

A

initial infection:
-can be subclinical
-mild/severe diarrhea
-mild resp. symptoms
enteritis stage:
-severe acute or chronic vomiting
-diarrhea +/- weight loss
-incontinence
FIP:
-multisystemic inflammatory vasculitis

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of effusive FIP?

A

-abdominal distension +/- thoracic effusion
-muffled heart sounds
-pyrexia
-weight loss
-dyspnea/tachypnea
-pale or icteric MMs
-abdominal masses

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of non-effusive FIP?

A

-mild pyrexia
-anorexia
-dull/depressed
-ocular changes
-neurologic abnormalities
-dyspnea
-icterus
-abnormal abdominal palpation

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16
Q

How can FCoV/FIP be diagnosed?

A

-PCR
-bloodwork/serum chem values
-liver values
-histology
-effusion analysis
-antibody titers

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of FIP treatment?

A

-no treatment to prevent FCoV becoming FIP
-no approved drugs for FIP in US; supportive care only
-FIP often fatal; QOL major factor
-nucleoside analog currently used for treatment in China

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of FCoV/FIP management/control?

A

-FIP has no cat-to-cat transmission, only FCoV
-wait 2 months before new cat introductions
-disinfect surfaces regularly
-minimize # of cats in household
-vaccine available, but not recommended

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of feline panleukopenia virus?

A

-highly contagious
-stable and ubiquitous
-transmitted via fomites, direct contact, fecal-oral, or in utero
-cannot be inactivated with alcohol

20
Q

What is the pathogenesis of feline panleuk. systemic infection?

A

-intranasal or oral infection or oropharynx and lymphoid tissues
-viremia and dissemination
-lymphoid depletion and thymic involution
-GI replication in intestinal crypts leads to blunted villi
-decreased absorption, increased permeability

21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of feline panleuk. in utero?

A

-early: fetal death, infertility, abortion, mummified fetuses
-late/neonatal: cerebellar hypoplasia

22
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline panleuk.?

A

-fever
-depression
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-dehydration
-thickened intestinal loops
-mesentery lymphadenopathy
-cerebellar hypoplasia signs

23
Q

How can feline panleuk. be diagnosed?

A

-clinical signs
-blood work
-serology
-ELISA (not common due to reactivity with MLV vx)
-PCR

24
Q

How is feline panleuk. treated?

A

-supportive care
-isolation from other cats

25
Q

How is feline panleuk. prevented?

A

-vaccination
-decontamination of environment

26
Q

What are the characteristics of panleuk. immunity?

A

-shedding can occur following vx that may “immunize” other cats
-thought that infection leads to life-long immunity

27
Q

What are the characteristics of FeLV?

A

-exogenous retrovirus
-replicates in bone marrow, salivary glands, resp. epithelium
-not zoonotic

28
Q

What are the characteristics of FeLV subtypes?

A

-FeLV-A: cat-to-cat transmission
-FeLV-A + proto-oncogenes = feline sarcoma virus
-FeLV-B, -C, and -T: mutated forms of FeLV-A

29
Q

What are the characteristics of feline sarcoma virus?

A

-endogenous retrovirus
-viral-induced sarcoma + FeLV leads to fibrosarcoma
-FeLV recombines with cat’s cellular DNA to transduce a proto-oncogene already present from previous FSV infection
-different from feline injection site sarcoma

30
Q

What are the characteristics of FeLV transmission?

A

-can be horizontal or vertical
-exposure routes include oral/nasal, saliva, transplacental, milk, urine, feces, blood, fomites

31
Q

What is the early pathophysiology of FeLV?

A

-oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue is infected
-monocytes and lymphocytes travel to distant tissues; primary viremia
-infection gets to bone marrow and establishes in leukocytes and platelet progenitors

32
Q

What are the characteristics of an abortive FeLV outcome?

A

-primary viremia
-immune response is sufficient to eliminate infection
-diagnostics with be neg. for viral RNA, proviral DNA, and antigen
-diagnostics will be pos. for antibodies

33
Q

What are the characteristics of a regressive FeLV outcome?

A

-initially antigen pos. on ELISA and PCR, but neg. by IFA
-no shedding
-high neutralizing Ab titer
-when reactivation occurs will see proviral replication and weak PCR pos.

34
Q

What are the characteristics of a progressive FeLV outcome?

A

-poor immune response to infection
-initially antigen pos. on ELISA and PCR, but neg. by IFA
-all antigen and PCR tests become pos. as infection progresses
-low/undetectable neutralizing antibodies
-shortest survival

35
Q

Which animals are at greatest risk for FeLV?

A

young kittens

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of FeLV?

A

-anorexia/weight loss
-poor coat
-enlarged LNs
-fever
-gingivitis/stomatitis/pale gums that is not cured by extractions
-anemia
-skin/bladder/URT infections
-diarrhea
-seizures/behavior changes/neuro disorders
-abortion
-neoplasia

37
Q

When should FeLV testing be done in different animals?

A

-kittens: prior to initial vx series
-adults: prior to vx series
-previously outdoor cats: prior to introductions to other cats
-any animals with recurrent infections or suspicious clinical signs

38
Q

What are the characteristics of FeLV treatment and prevention?

A

-treatment geared towards managing immune-compromised status and symptoms
-prevention best done through vx and keeping cats indoors

39
Q

What are the characteristics of FIV?

A

-causes dysregulation of CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio
-can occur as a co-infection with FeLV
-horizontal transmission most common (saliva), vertical transmission possible

40
Q

What is the pathogenesis of FIV?

A

-initially targets CD4+ T cells and monocytes/macrophages
-over time, tropism changes and virus begins infecting B cells and CD8+ T cells
-has acute, asymptomatic, and clinical phases

41
Q

What are the characteristics of the FIV acute phase?

A

-CD4/8 decline in first few weeks
-immune response leads to antibody production, increase in CD8 T cells, and decrease in antigen levels
-can see transient fever, lymphadenomegaly, lymphopenia
-pos. for both antibodies and antigens
-1-3 months

42
Q

What are the characteristics of the FIV asymptomatic phase?

A

-subclinical
-months to years
-may never progress
-pos. for antibodies, neg. for antigens

43
Q

What are the characteristics of the FIV clinical phase?

A

-decline of both CD4 and CD8 T cells
-predisposition to secondary infections and neoplasia
-can see oral stomatitis, gingivitis, colitis, recurrent infections, parasitic infections, and fungal infections
-pos. for antibodies and antigens

44
Q

What are the diagnostic options for FIV?

A

-ELISA for antibody
-PCR for nucleic acid
-western blot for antibody

45
Q

How many days after infection does it take for FIV antibodies to be detected?

A

60 days

46
Q

What are the characteristics of FIV treatment and control?

A

-no cure, only supportive care
-no vx; keep cats indoor or outdoor restricted

Virology (22 decks)

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