Lecture 16: High BP Flashcards
(39 cards)
What is Hypertension?
sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure
1 in 3 adults have it
What is “Systolic Hypertension?”
Elevated BP with normal Diastolic
aka (isolated systolic hypertension)
What is “Systolic/Diastolic Hypertension?”
Elevated Sys and Dia BP
What is “Primary Hypertension?”
Elevated BP which causes other conditions
What is “Secondary Hypertension?”
a condition caused by a systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output
When the ventricles _____, to force open the _______ valves, they must generate sufficient _____ to exceed the BP in the major arteries
contract
semilunar
pressure
What is “Hypertrophy?”
an enlarged organ
The heart may be able to compensate for a sustained increase in _______ by hypertrophy. This enables it to _____ more forcefully and maintain a normal ____ _____ despite an abnormal impediment to ______
afterload
contract
stroke volume
ejection
What are 10 factors associated with Primary Hypertension?
1) family history of it
2) Advancing age
3) gender (males <55 and woman >74)
4) black race
5) High sodium intake
6) glucose intolerance
7) cigarette smoking
8) obesity
9) heavy alcohol consumption
10) low intake of calcium, potassium and magnesium
why does large amount of Sodium cause hypertension?
- reduces the kidney’s ability to remove water
why does cigarette smoking cause hypertension?
nicotine is a vasoconstrictor which can elevated sys and dia BP
Hypertension is higher in heavy drinkers than abstinent drinker? T/F
True
Moderate Drinkers have a lower blood pressure than BOTH heavy drinkers and abstinent drinkers?
T/F
True
In individuals with hypetension, over activity of the ______ nervous system can result from increased production of ________ (______ and ______) or from increased receptor reactivity involving these __________.
sympathetic
catecholamines
(epinephrine and norepinephrine)
neurotransmitters
RAA System
_______ is responsible for the _______ of the myocardium associated with hypertension
Angiotension II
hypertrophy
RAA System
_______ not only contributes to sodium ______ by the kidney, but also has further deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system
Aldosterone
retention
Natriuretic Hormone
These modulates renal sodium excretion and includes ____ ____ ____ (ANP), _____ ____ _____ (BNP), ____ ____ ____ (CNP) and _______.
atrial natriuretic peptide
brain natriuretic peptide
C-type natriuretic peptide
urodilanton
Natriuretic Hormone
The function of these hormones can be affected by excessive _____ ______, inadequate intake of ______, ______ and ______, and _____
sodium intake
potassium, calcium, magnesium
obesity
What is Endothelial Dysfunction in Primary Hypertension?
decreased vasodilators production (NO) and increased vasoconstrictor production (endothelin)
What is Isolated Systolic Hypertension?
a condition caused by increased in Cardiac Output and/or total Peripheral Vascular resistance which elevates systolic pressure
What is Complicated Hypertension?
Chronic hypertension which damages the walls of systemic blood vessels
What organs does hypertension target?
Kidney, Brain, Heart, Extremities and Eyes
Changes in the _____ ____ can be estimated by viewing the _____ of the retina
vascular bed
arterioles
Complications specific to the retina include ______ ____ ______, _____, and ______
retinal vascular sclerosis
exudation
hemorrhage
