Lecture 19: Integration

Question 1

What happens to CO/TPR/MAP when we lift weights?

Answer 1

CO: Increases
TPR: Increases
MAP: Increases

Question 2

How does Higher Altitude affect CVS?

Answer 2

Body needs to produce more RBC due to less than normal oxygen consumption

Question 3

How does Increased Temperature affect CVS?

Answer 3

Heart beats faster and pumps more blood faster to assist with sweating to cool the body

Question 4

How does Humidity affect CVS?

Answer 4

Sweat will not evaporate and the body will not cool down as fast, causing body temperature to keep rising

Question 5

Anticipatory Response

Pre-exercise breathing ______ in breathing rate

Answer 5

increases

Question 6

Anticipatory Response

Releasing of ____ and ______

Answer 6

• Epinephrine

- Norepinephrine

Question 7

Steady-State HR

To find the Steady-State HR, the formula is:

Answer 7

180-Age

Question 8

Cardiac Drift

Tendency for HR to ____ gradually throughout a workout due to ______ and rising ______ within the muscles

Answer 8

rise
dehydration
temperature

Question 9

Sympathetic Control During Exercise

Sympathetic nerves innervating the _____ ____ causes the secretion of _____ and _____ into the blood

Answer 9

adrenal medulla

epinephrine; norepinephrine

Question 10

Sympathetic Control During Exercise
During exercise, circulating levels of ___ and ___ can become very ____ so that the net effect on the vasculature in ______

Answer 10

epinephrine; norepinephrine
high
vasoconstriction

Question 11

Factors that influence CV response: Body Posture
When a persons exercises in a ____ position, _____ _____ pressure is higher than when the person is exercising in the _____ position.

Answer 11

prone
central venous
upright

Question 12

Factors that influence CV response: Physical Conditioning
A conditioned individual is able to achieve a higher ____ ____, whole body _____ ____, and ______ than a person who has a _____ lifestyle

Answer 12

Cardiac Output
Oxygen Consumption
Workload
Sedentary

Question 13

Factors that influence CV response: Increased Age

Maximal oxygen consumption decreases about 40% between 20 and 70 years of age. Why?

Answer 13

• Decrease body (muscle) mass
• Decreased EDV
• Increase circulating norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 14

Factors that influence CV response: Gender

____ reach and sustain higher _____ and maximal _____ _____ than _____

Answer 14

males
workloads
oxygen consumptions
females

Question 15

Stroke Volume

SV increases proportionally with

Answer 15

exercise intensity

Question 16

Stroke Volume

SV may increase only up to __to__% of maximal capacity after which it ____

Answer 16

40-60%

plateau

Question 17

Cardiac Output

CO increases proportionally with

Answer 17

exercise intensity

Question 18

Cardiac Output

At rest cardiac output is about:

Answer 18

5 L/min

Question 19

Cardiac Output

During intense exercise, it can increase to:

Answer 19

20-40 L/min

Question 20

Blood Flow
The vascular system can redistribute blood to these tissues with the greatest _____ demand and away from areas that have less demand for _____

Answer 20

immediate

oxygen

Question 21

Blood Pressure
During exercise, ____ pressure, the pressure during contraction of the heart, can increase to over ___mm Hg and levels as high as ___mm Hg have been reported in highly trained, healthy athletes

Answer 21

systolic
200
250

Question 22

Blood
As exercise intensity increase the a-vO2 difference ______ and at maximal exertion the difference between _____ and ____ blood oxygen concentration can be ____ times that at ____ level

Answer 22

increases
arterial; venous
three
resting

Question 23

Training Heart Adaptations

The heart’s ___ and _____ increases and cardiac muscle undergoes _____

Answer 23

mass; volume

hypertrophy

Question 24

Stroke Volume

SV increases at ___, during submaximal and maximal ____ following training

Answer 24

rest

exercise

Question 25

``` Stroke Volume SV at rest averages about __-__ ml/beat in untrained interval. __-__ml/beat in train individuals and __-___ ml/beat in world-class athletes ```

Answer 25

50-70 70-90 90-110

Question 26

Maintaining SV at high HR during exercise | Increased ____ _____ promoted by the ____ and _____ muscle pumps

Answer 26

venous return thoracic skeletal

Question 27

Maintaining SV at high HR during exercise | Venous ______ maintains central venous pressure

Answer 27

constriction

Question 28

Maintaining SV at high HR during exercise | Increased ___ _____ augments atrial _____ of the _____

Answer 28

atrial inotropy filling ventricles

Question 29

Maintaining SV at high HR during exercise | Increased ______ ______ decreases ___, which increases _____ ____ and ____ ____

Answer 29

ventricular inotropy ESV SV Ejection Fraction

Question 30

Maintaining SV at high HR during exercise | Enhanced rate of ____ _____ (lusitropy) aids in filling

Answer 30

ventricular relaxation

Question 31

Blood Flow | Skeletal muscle receives a greater blood supply following training. This is due to:

Answer 31

- Increased number of capillaries - Greater opening of existing capillaries - More effective blood redistribution - Increased blood volume

Question 32

Blood Pressure | BP can decreases at:

Answer 32

rest and submaximal exercise

Question 33

Blood Volume | Endurance Training increases

Answer 33

Blood Volume

Question 34

Blood Volume While plasma volume accounts for the _____ of the increase, a greater production of ___ ____ ____ can also a contributory factor

Answer 34

majority | Red Blood Cells

Question 35

Pregnancy | ____ _____ is primarily increased through increase in ____ ____

Answer 35

Cardiac Output | Stroke Volume

Question 36

Pregnancy | Although CO is ____, ___ ____ ___ generally falls owing to a disproportionate decrease in ___ ____ ______

Answer 36

elevated MAP Systemic Vascular Resistance

Question 37

Pregnancy:Blood Volume Increases progressively from _-_ weeks gestation and reaches a maximum at approx. __-__ weeks with little change thereafter

Answer 37

6-8 | 32-34

Question 38

Pregnancy: Blood Volume | Intake of supplemental ___ and ___ ____ is necessary to restore ___ levels to normal (__ g/dl)

Answer 38

iron; folic acid hemoglobin 12

Question 39

Pregnancy: Cardiac Output | increases similar degree as the BV. During the first trimester, CO is __-__% higher than in the non-pregnant state

Answer 39

30-40

Question 40

Pregnancy: Cardiac Size/Position/ECG | There are both ____ and _____ changes which can lead to changes in ECG appearances

Answer 40

size | position

Question 41

Pregnancy: Cardiac Size/Position/ECG | The heart is ___ by both chamber ____ and _____

Answer 41

enlarged dilation hypertrophy

Question 42

Pregnancy: Cardiac Size/Position/ECG | Dilation across the ____ valve can initiate mild ______ flow causing a normal grade _ or __ systolic murmur

Answer 42

tricuspid regurgitation I, II

Question 43

Pregnancy:Cardiac Size/Position/ECG Upward displacement of the ______ by the enlarging ______ causes the heart to shift to the ___ and _____ so that the apex beat is moved ___ and ____.

Answer 43

diaphragm uterus left; anteriorly outward; upward

Question 44

Pregnancy: Cardiac Size/Position/ECG There changes lead to common ECG findings of left ___ ____, sagging __ segments and frequently ____ or flattening of the _-wave in lead III

Answer 44

axis deviation ST Inversion T

Question 45

Pregnancy: Blood Pressure | _____ arterial pressure is never _____ during normal gestation

Answer 45

systemic | increased

Question 46

Pregnancy: Blood Pressure | By mid-pregnancy, a slight decrease in ____ pressure can be recognized

Answer 46

Diastolic

Question 47

Pregnancy: Blood Pressure | ____ ___ pressure also maintains a constant level

Answer 47

Pulmonary arterial

Question 48

Pregnancy: Blood Pressure | _____ ____ is more dependent upon ____ control than in the nonpregnant state

Answer 48

Vascular Tone | sympathetic