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Veterinary Immunology > Lecture 16 - Mucosal Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Mucosal Immunity Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Why is mucosal immunity important to a small animal practice

A
  1. KC
  2. coronavirus
  3. Influenza
  4. FeLV/FIV
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2
Q

Why is mucosal immunity important to a farm animal practice

A
  1. BVD
  2. BRD (shipping fever)
  3. mastitis
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3
Q

Why is mucosal immunity important to an equine practice

A
  1. strangles
  2. herpes
  3. salmonella
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4
Q

Mucosal immunity can be broken into what 6 subdivision

A
  1. physical barrier
  2. clearance mechanisms
  3. Physiologic adaptations
  4. chemical defenses
  5. enzymatic proteins
  6. antimicrobial peptides
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5
Q

Physical barrier can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. Mucus - physicochemical
  2. normal epithelium
  3. flora
  4. keratin plug (mammary gland)
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6
Q

Clearance mechanisms can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. Peristalsis
  2. Phagocytosis- neutrophils and macrophages
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7
Q

Physiological adaptations can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. secretions
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8
Q

Chemical defenses can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. superoxide
  2. nitric oxide
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9
Q

Enzymatic proteins can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. lysozyme
  2. complement cascade proteins
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10
Q

Antimicrobial peptides can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. iron binding proteins (lactoferrin, transferrin)
  2. Small cationic hydrophobic peptides
  3. Inducible or constitutive
  4. synergy may occur betweem different peptides
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11
Q

What are the 3 main mucosal surfaces

A
  1. intestinal
  2. respiratory
  3. urogenital
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12
Q

List the parts of the respiratory tract in order of particles that may enter (largest to smallest)

A

upper respiratory tract (15 um), bronchi (10 um), bronchioles (5 um), alveoli (1 um)

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13
Q

What are the physical barriers and clearance mechanisms in the respiratory tract

A
  1. turbinates
  2. mucociliary apparatus
  3. alveolar macrophages
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14
Q

What are the physical barriers and clearance mechanisms in the mammary gland

A
  1. keratin
  2. milk
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15
Q

What are the physical barriers and clearance mechanisms in the genitourinary tract

A
  1. mucus
  2. lactic acid
  3. urine
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16
Q

What are the physical barriers and clearance mechanisms in the GIT

A

peristalsis

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17
Q

Physiologic adaptation in the gastric barrier

A

pH

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18
Q

Physiologic adaptation in bile secretions

A

inactivate some viruses and bacteria

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19
Q

Physiologic adaptation in epithelium

A

turnover

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20
Q

Physiologic adaptation in mucus

A

entrapment

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21
Q

Physiologic adaptations/chemical
defenses for microflora

A
  1. competition
  2. by-products
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22
Q

Physiologic adaptations/chemical
defenses for chemical defenses

A
  1. super oxide
  2. nitric oxide
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23
Q

Physiologic adaptations/Enzymes that are protein inhibitors

A
  1. lactoferrin
  2. lysozyme
  3. interferon
  4. complement
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24
Q

Physiologic adaptations/Enzymes that are antimicrobial peptides

A
  1. small cationic hydrophobic peptides
  2. inducible or constituitive
  3. synergy with other peptides
  4. defensins, cathelicidins, lectins
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25
Where is the site of the common mucosal immune response for the adaptive response
Peyer's patches
26
Intestinal mucosal adaptive response 1. Antigen crosses ______ * ____ or other mechanism 2. ______ process and present antigen 3. ____ activation in _______ 4. Cells leave inductive tissue via _____ 5. Can travel to ______ * Mucosal lymphocytes will home to mucosa due to _________
1. intestinal barrier, M-cell 2. APCs 3. T/B, regional lymphoid tissue 4. lymphatics 5. distant lymphoid tissue; adhesion molecules, chemokines
27
What is inductive sites in mucosal adaptive response
where antigen is processed and B/T cells are activated
28
What are the inductive sites associated with the mucosal adaptive response
1. GALT 2. BALT/NALT for respiratory (don't have M cells)
29
Where is antigen sampling in the inductive site
from lumen not afferent lymph
30
What are the components of inductive sites
1. dome (M cells) 2. follicle 3. para-follicular region
31
What are M (microfold) cells responsible for
transcytosis of antigens across gut epithelium and release to APCs at basal surface
32
2 sites of mucosal adaptive immune response
1. inductive sites 2. effector sites
33
What are effector sites
where antibodies and cell-mediated responses are mounted
34
Where are effector sites
1. lamina propria of GIT, respiratory, repro 2. secretory glandular tissue 3. peyer's patches; most in diffuse lymphoid nodules
35
Examples of secretory glandular tissue
1. lacrimal 2. salivary 3. mammary
36
What can activated B and T cells in effector sites do
relocate and express effector function
37
What do adhesion molecules and chemokines do to mucosal B and T cells
direct lymphocytes to specific tissues
38
What are examples of adhesion molecules and chemokines that home B and T cells to epithelial surfaces
1. L-selectin 2. a4B7 integrin 3. CCL25 chemokines
39
B-cells that originate in ____________ travel to lymphoid follicles for expansion then migrate to ________
1. inductive tissue 2. lamina propria
40
What do B cells secrete and which predominates
1. IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE 2. IgA- 80% of plasma cells in body
41
What is the secretory product for mammary gland
IgG1, serum derived
42
IgG1 has selective transfer via what receptor
FcRn
43
Secretory IgA is a ____ product
dimeric
44
Where is the majority of IgA produced
epithelial surface
45
What is IgA complexed with in plasma cells to form dimeric product
J-chain
46
Where is IgA secreted
at baso-lateral surface of epithelial cells
47
What does IgA do after binding to poly-Ig receptor
transported to apical surface via endocytic
48
What happens after IgA is transported to apical surface via endocytic vesicle
poly-Ig receptor is then cleaved and IgA is secreted
49
What localizes IgA to mucus
residual secretory piece
50
What does residual secretory piece do
localizes IgA to mucus
51
The poly Ig receptor complex is resistant to
bacterial proteolysis
52
IgA excludes pathogens by 3 distinct mechanisms at mucosal surfaces
1. in lamina propria can bind pathogens 2. within epithelial cells can bind viruses 3. within lumen can bind pathogens
53
What do IgE and IgG serve as
second line of humoral defense
54
What serves as the second line of humoral defense
IgE and IgG
55
Why are IgE and IgG the second line of humoral defense
used for pathogens that avoid IgA exclusion
56
Where are IgE secreting cells found
mainly on body surfaces
57
What leads to an intensified immune response
mast cell degranulation
58
What does intensified immune response lead to
increased flow of blood rich in IgG
59
In the cell mediated response the majority of T cells are
CD8+
60
CD8+ T cells recirculate continuously between ...
epithelilal surfaces and bloodstream
61
Where are CD8+ T cells found
in lamina propria and beneath/between enterocytes
62
What are T cells that are within epithelial layer called and what can they do
intra-epithelilar lymphocytes called (IELs); most are yG, can respond directly to antigen
63
Why are IEL yG CD8-/CD4- T cells in GIT unique
-recognize antigen directly without processing, secrete IFN-y in response -recognize specialized MHC Ib molecules expressed on stressed cells, binds NKG2D receptor, apoptosis, repair
64
What infections can affect mucosal surfaces
1. feline rhinotracheitis 2. bovine rhinotracheitis 3. coronavirus 4. influenza
65
Systemic vaccination leads to ___ response
IgG
66
What leads to IgG response
systemic vaccination
67
What response is ideal to stimulate
IgA
68
How can we stimulte IgA response
1. apply high levels to surface- consider feed additives 2. live attenuated vaccines
69
What do live attenuated vaccines do
lead to infections at mucosal surface and IgA response
70
What are 2 live attenuated vaccines
1. coronavirus- ineffective in positive cats 2. Strangles vaccine

Veterinary Immunology (20 decks)

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