Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

VETM 425 Sys Path > Lecture 16: Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Respiratory 1 Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up the respiratory system?

A

Conducting airway
Transitional airway
Exchange airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the notable gross and histologic features of the conducting airway?

A

It is made up of the trachea and bronchi

Containing stratified squamous epithelium along with respiratory epithelium: pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells

Contains olfactory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the notable gross and histologic features of the transitional airway?

A

Made of bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

There is decreasing amounts of cartilage and there is no cartilage in the bronchioles

They contain club cells: used for detoxification of xenobiotics via oxidases, they make a protective secretion and make surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the notable gross and histologic features of the exchange airway?

A

Alveoli

type 1 pneumocytes are flat and cover 95% of the alveoli. They cannot do cell division

type 2 pneumocytes are found in the same number as type 1 but they only cover 5% of the area. They are cuboidal cells and make type 1 pneumocytes and surfactant

Contain alveolar macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Compare and contrast the below features in bronchi and bronchioles:
- cartilage
- glands
- goblet cells
- cilia
- mucociliary apparatus
- club cells

A

Bronchi have cartilage and bronchioles dont

bronchi have glands and bronchioles dont

bronchi have goblet cells and bronchioles don’t

bronchi have cilia and bronchioles don’t really (losing them)

bronchi have the mucociliary apparatus and bronchioles don’t

bronchi don’t have club cells but bronchioles do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the important anatomic features of the upper respiratory system

A

The cochae/nasal turbinates are contained in the nasal cavity
- they function to warm/moisten/slow air

The conchae is the communication between the oropharynx and the nasal cavity
- it is not present in horses (obligate nasal breathers)

Additional structures
- nares
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- nasal sinuses
- pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs
- air sacs/laryngeal ventricles in birds and some mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the functions of the respiratory system:

A

condition air (warm/cool/moisten/filter)

olfaction

immune defence

vocalization

detoxification via club cells

acid-base balance

blood pressure

hormone and enzyme synthesis

leukotriene metabolism

epinephrine and vasoactive amine uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the barriers that oxygen travels through from the alveoli into the capillary:

A

surfactant

type 1 pneumocyte

basal lamina/basement membrane of the pneumocyte

interstitial connective tissue

endothelial cell basement membrane

endothelial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the defence mechanisms of the upper resp system

A

epithelial layers

mucociliary clearance

normal microflora

phagocytosis

tonsils/BALT/MALT

surfactant and antioxidants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some factors that can impair the defence mechanisms of the upper resp system

A

viral infection

immunodeficiency

stress

dehydration

pulmonary edema

uremia

toxic or irritating gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is choanal atresia

A

It is the lack of an opening between the nasal passages and the oropharynx

It can occur either bilaterally or unilaterally

It is also usually accompanied by other malformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What species is choanal atresia most common in and what are the clinical signs?

A

camelids

respiratory distress or aspiration pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the primary congenital conditions associated with brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

elongated soft palate

stenotic nares

hypoplastic trachea/larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the secondary effects of brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

everted laryngeal saccules and tonsils

hypertrophied and folded pharyngeal mucosa

laryngeal edema and collapse/tracheal collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What animals does tracheal collapse target most commonly?

A

middle age small breed dogs

like yorkies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the pathologic mechanism of tracheal collapse

A

It is a cartilage defect

The cartilage forms a shallow D shape - it is arced

It flattens dorsoventrally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with tracheal collapse

A

honking cough
exercise intolerance

worsened by heat, exercise, and obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What species is hypoplastic epiglottis most common in

A

horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypoplastic epiglottis

A

dorsal displacement of the soft palate

resulting in increased respiratory noise and reduced performance

due to a small epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What animals are progressive ethmoid hematoma’s most common in

A

older thoroughbred horses or arabians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of progressive ethmoid hematomas

A

unknown

maybe a vasoproliferative response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What animals are nasopharyngeal polyps most common in

A

cats 1-3 yo

horses (nasal mucosa)

reoccurrence is common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the clinical signs of nasopharyngeal polyps and how do they relate to the development of the condition

A

usually occur in the mid ear or auditory tube

if in nose = sneeze

if in mid ear = ataxia/facial nerve paralysis/ horners syndrome

if in pharynx = gagging / dyspnea / dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of equine laryngeal paralysis

A

idiopathic

Usually occurs on the left side but can also be bilateral
- maybe because the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer but still unknown

if it is bilateral there is probably a systemic cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the clinical signs of equine laryngeal paralysis
Usually occurs on the left side but can also be bilateral - maybe because the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer but still unknown degeneration and atrophy of the cricoarethynoid muscle
26
What type of dog usually gets canine laryngeal paralysis
older male dogs giant or large breeds
27
What is the pathogenesis of canine laryngeal paralysis
It is secondary to a systemic problem like a neuromuscular disorder - myesthenia gravis - hypothyroidism - anesthesia It is due to degeneration of the muscle and nerve damage
28
How does canine laryngeal paralysis present anatomically
bilaterally symmetrical
29
Compare equine and canine laryngeal paralysis
Equine - usually the left side - unknown pathogenesis Canine - usually bilateral - secondary to neuromuscular disease
30
Why might laryngeal an/or tracheal edema occur
It is edema inside the tissue It is secondary to acute inflammation - anaphylaxis - cattle with atypical interstitial pneumonia - edema disease in pigs
31
What is honkers syndrome and waht is its pathogenesis
tracheal edema and hemorrhage syndrome It affects the dorsal and distal trachea It occurs secondary to increased intra-tracheal pressure from coughing. This causes mechanical injury and inflammation resulting in increased irritation breathing
32
What animals commonly get tracheal edema and hemorrhage syndrome?
cattle Usually in the feedlot during the summer time or with increased exercise
33
Define rhinitis
inflammation of the mucus membranes of the nose
34
Define sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
35
Describe 5 types of inflammation
serous: clear fluid catarrhal: red with fluid and mucus purulent/suppurative: red with cloudy fluid - Boston cream donut - high neutrophils fibrinous: fluid with ulceration and a pseudomembrane formed - runny scrambled egg - neutrophils, debris, and fibrin granulomatous: caseous - macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
36
What is the causative agent of inclusion body rhinitis
suid herpes virus 2 aka cytalomegalovirus an opportunistic pathogen
37
What animals does inclusion body rhinitis target
2 -5 week old pigs
38
What are the clinical signs and consequences of inclusion body rhinitis
catarrhal rhinitis with large cells containing viral inclusion bodies increased risk for secondary infection increased morbidity and low mortality
39
What is the causative agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
bovine herpesvirus 1
40
How is infectious bovine rhinotracheitis transmitted
aerosol
41
What are the clinical signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
fever anorexia tachypnea mucopurulent discharge dyspnea mucosal hyperemia
42
What are the gross and histologic lesions associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Grossly there are erosions and ulcers of the trachea/larynx/nasal cavity There will also be hyperemia and pustules and petechiae with a fibronecrotic membrane Histologically there will be eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions with lymphocytes and neutrophils
43
What are 2 common differentials for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Aspiration of chemical irritants like stomach acid bovine parainfluenza 3
44
What are 3 causative agents of feline upper respiratory infection
feline herpesvirus 1/alphaherpesvirus feline calcivirus chalmydiophilia felia
45
What animals are most targeted by feline herpesvirus 1
young cats
46
What is the clinical signs associated with feline herpesvirus 1
fever oculonasal discharge ocular involvement sneeze and cough rarely it can cause systemic disease
47
What are the gross lesions associated with feline herpesvirus 1
It causes eye/nose crusting and erosions in the nasal mucosa rarely it can cause tongue ulcers
48
How is feline herpesvirus 1 virus diagnosed
Using PCR or virus isolation techniques
49
What are the clinical signs associated with feline calcivirus
oral ulceration (unlike feline herpesvirus 1) eye and nose discharge and conjunctivitis rarely it can cause virulent and systemic disease but if it does it is fatal and very contagious in kittens - cutaneous edema and ulcers
50
What is unique about chlamydia as a cause of feline upper resp infection
it is a bacteria the other causes are viruses (herpes and cacivirus)
51
What are the clinical signs associated with chlamydiophilia felis
chlamydiosis and chlamydial conjunctivitis mucopurulent rhinitis
52
What animal does atopic rhinits target
6 - 12 week old pigs
53
What is the causative agents of atopic rhinitis
depends on if its progressive or non-progressive non- progressive = Bordatella bronchiseptica progressive = Pasturella multocida type D (produce toxin that allows colonization) - can have a coinfection with B. bronchiseptica that produces a dermonecrotic toxin which reduces bone formation and increases bone resorption
54
What are the clinical signs of non-progressive atopic rhinitis
mild sneezing and nasal discharge this is of low significance
55
What are the clinical signs of progressive atopic rhinitis
snout distortion and malformation and atrophy of nasal turbinates
56
What are the gross and histologic findings associated with atopic rhinitis
Grossly if you section the head behind the 1st and 2nd premolars you see the snout/turbinate distortion histologically it results in hyperplasia of osteoclasts
57
How is atopic rhinitis diagnosed
nasal swabs: you must culture both B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida PCR or ELISA to detect the toxin
58
What is the causative agent of equine strangles
Streptococcus equi equi
59
What animals does equine strangles target
young horses as they age they develop resistance
60
What is a top differential for equine strangles?
Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus This is because it causes similar clinical disease But it is commensal (S. equi equi is not commensal)
61
What are the clinical manifestations of equine strangles
It causes lymph node abscesses - either submandibular or retropharyngeal 20% will have more complications - guttoral pouch empyema (inflammation can damage nerves and cause horners syndrome) - pneumonia - bastard strangles - purpura hemorrhagic and vasculitis
62
What does Aspergillus fumigatus look like and where is it found
normal in the environment Looks yellow green or black fungi
63
What are the clinical manifestations of Aspergillus fumigatus? How does it differ by species
It causes suppurative, caseous, or hemorrhagic rhinits dogs: turbinate lysis. and remodelling horses: guttoral pouch mycosis and vascular erosion
64
What are 3 causes of fungal rhinitis
Aspergillus fumigatus Cryptococcus (neoformans or gatti) Rhinosporidiosis
65
What are the species of Cryptococcus that cause fungal rhinitis
C. neorformans C. gatti
66
What animals does Cryptococcus target to cause fungal rhinitis
cats mainly dogs, horses, small ruminants, cattle, birds it is zoonotic
67
What are the clinical signs of cryptococcus-associated rhinitis
nasal discharge and facial swelling
68
What are the histologic signs of cryptococcus-associated rhinitis
thick capsule with narrow based budding
69
What is the causative species of Rhinosporidiosis-caused rhinitis
R. seeberi
70
What animal does Rhinosporidiosis target
dogs mainly Usually found in wet and tropical areas
71
What are the gross signs associated with Rhinosporidiosis
single unilateral nasal polyp
72
What is the pathogenesis os Oestrus ovis
The sheep bot fly lays eggs on the nares and they climb into the nose and get stick in the sinuses and turbinates
73
What are the clinical signs of Oestrus ovis infestation
fecal irritation and sneezing if it is very severe there can be secondary infection or inflammation of the brain or meninges
74
What animal does Filaroides osteri target
dogs both wild and domestic
75
What is the pathogenesis of Filaroides osteri
It forms nodules at the tracheal bifurcation The 5-15mm meta strongyle eggs are coughed up and swallowed
76
What is the clinical manifestation of Filaroides osteri infestation
there is very little clinical disease - if it is severe it can cause a chronic cough
77
Describe 3 types of guttoral pouch disease and what causes them
mycosis: Aspergillus empyeme: Streptococcus tympany: often in young horses due to impairment of the valvular action of the nasopharyngeal orifice
78
What are the clinical consequences of guttoral pouch disease
exsanguination laryngeal paralysis and/or facial paralysis horners syndrome
79
List the common primary neoplasms of the small animal upper respiratory system in order from most common to least
1. carcinoma - many types - dogs = adenocarcinoma - cat SCC 2. chondrosarcoma 3. fibrosarcoma 4. osteosarcoma cats commonly get lymphoma (B cell origin with lymphoplasmacytic inflammation and FeLV positive)
80
What are the common primary neoplasias of horses
paranasal sinsus tumors are more likely carcinomas - SCC
81
What is the enzootic nasal tumor caused by and what animals is it common in
Caused by enzootic nasal tumor virus which is a betaretrovirus type 1 targets sheep type 2 targets goats
82
What is the effect of enzootic nasal tumor virus
causes adenoma development (more common than adenocarcinoma development) in the ethmoid turbinates It rarely metastasizes but is locally aggressive
83
What are 3 factors that make the respiratory system vulnerable to insults
lots of alveoli surface/exposure high volume of airflow high concentration of noxious elements in the air
84
What are the defence mechanisms specific to the conducting airway
mucociliary clearance - mucus coughing/sneezing antibodies and lysozyme
85
What are the defence mechanisms specific to the transitional airway
club cells antioxidants lysozyme antibodies
86
What are the defence mechanisms specific to the exchange airway
alveolar macrophages intravascular macrophages opsonizing antibodies antioxidants surfactant
87
What are routes of entry pathogens can take to infect the respiratory system
aerogenous/inhale: virus/fungi/bacteria/gas/pneumotoxicants hematogenous: virus/fungi/bacteria/parasite/toxins/pneumotoxicants direct: wound, foreign body, bite, ruptured esophagus or diaphragm other insults include lung edema, dehydration, stress, uremia (amonia), immunodeficiency

VETM 425 Sys Path (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions