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VETM 425 Sys Path > Lecture 36: Nervous 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 36: Nervous 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are arboviruses

A

arthropod trasmitted viruses

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2
Q

List 3 arboviruses that target horses? What lesions do they cause?

A

Eastern/western/venezualan encephalitis virus

polioencephalomalacia
edema/necrosis/hemorrhage

histo = nueron necrosis and vascultitis

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3
Q

How are horse arbovirsues prevented?

A

3 and 4 way vaccines

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4
Q

What type of virus is west nile virus? How does it infect horses?

A

flavivirus

it comes from birds like robins or crows. Mosquitoes transmit it to horses

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5
Q

What are the lesions associated with west nile virus

A

polioencephalomalacia

brainstem and thoracolumber hemorrhage

causing systemic disease and viremia

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6
Q

What is the clinical presentaiton of a horse with EHV1?

A

abortion

perinatal foal death

upper resp infection

rarely = encephalomyelitis

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7
Q

Why does EHV1 sometimes cause encephalomyelitis in horses?

A

because it has an endotheliotropism which causes vasculitis/thrombosis and infarct

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8
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with EHV1

A

hemorrhage and necrosis in the brain and spinal cord

in both grey and white matter

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9
Q

What causes equine protozoal encephalomyelitis?

A

sarcocystis neurona

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10
Q

What are the gross lesions of sarcocystis neurona?

A

hemorrhage and necrosis

in the spinal cord mainly > brainstem > brain

in both grey and white matter

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11
Q

What causes leukoencephalomalacia in horses?

A

fusarium fungi found in moldy corn that produces the toxin fumonsin B

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of leukoencephalomalacia in horses?

A

The toxin causes lipid breakdown in the white matter mainly in the cerebral hemispheres (frontal and parietal)

it affects the brainstem/cerebellum less

it causes secondary cerebral edema

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13
Q

What diesase in horses is caused by mouldy corn?

A

leukoencephalomalacia

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14
Q

What is a cholesteatoma? What is the common signalment for an animal presenting with one?

A

cholesterol granuloma in the ventricles

found in old horses

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15
Q

What causes cholesteatomas?

A

recurrent edema and/or hemorrhage

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16
Q

What are the gross and histo signs of a cholesteatoma

A

gross: yellow nodular mass in the ventricle

histo: cholesterol crystals ( due to foreign body reaction)

rarely can cause hydrocephalus

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17
Q

What animals does listeria monocytogenes mainly affect? Where is it found?

A

ruminants

found in the environment
mainly in bad silage

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18
Q

What is the pathogenesis of listeria infection

A

trauma in the oral cavity allows infection

it enters the nerves and retrograde transports to the trigeminal ganglion and brainstem

it causes encephalomyelitis

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19
Q

What are the gross and histo signs of listeria infection in ruminants

A

grossly there are multifocal hemorrhage in the brain and brainstem + meningeal opacity

histo = microabscesses with meningoencephalitis in brainstem

it can also cause abortion and septicemia

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20
Q

What causes thrombotic meningoencephalitis? What animals does it affect?

A

histophilus somni

cattle

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of thrombotic meningoencephalitis

A

septicemia causing polyarthritis, pneumonia, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis

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22
Q

What is the pathogenesis of thrombotic meningoencephalitis?

A

respiratory infection

hematogenous spread to the body including the cerebral cortex

causes vasculitis, thrombosis, infarct

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23
Q

What are the gross lesions of thrombotic meningoencephalitis

A

hemorrhage and necrosis in the cerebral cortex and sometimes the spinal cord

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24
Q

What animals does copper deficiency primarily affect?

A

lambs

baby goats

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25
What are the 2 main disease complexes that copper deficiency causes? What is the difference?
swayback - congenital (due to copper deficiency in the mom) enzootic ataxia - <6 mo
26
What are the main lesions of swayback?
neuronal necrosis and demyelination in the brainstem and spinal cord symmetrical hydraencephaly in the cerebral cortex
27
What are the main lesions of enzootic ataxia
neuronal necrosis and demyelination in the brainstem and spinal cord no impact on the brain (sometimes in the cerebral cortex)
28
What are clinical features of copper deficiency?
wool and hair pigmentation altered MSK and connective tissue abnormal molybdenum utilization
29
What is another name for pulpy kidney disease? What animals does it affect mainly?
Clostridium perfringens type D non-neonatal sheep and feeder lambs
30
What are the gross lesions of C. perfringens type D infection
gross symmetrical foci of malacia solf and pulpy kidneys
31
What is the pathogenesis for C. perfringens type D infection?
High carbohydrate/forage diet (overfeeding) Allow proliferation of C. perfringens type D Produces epsilon toxin hematogenous spread to the CNS causing increased vascular permeability edema and necrosis
32
What is the causative agent for pseudo rabies? What animal does it affect? What is another name for the disease?
suid herpes virus 1 pigs = severe disease (non pigs = mad itch) aujeszkys disease
33
What are the lesions associated with pseudorabies
lymphoplasmocytic meningoencephalitis interstitial pneumonia multifocal liver necrosis
34
What causes edema disease? What animal is affected?
STEC: shiga toxin producing e coli growing feeder pigs
35
What are the lesions associated with edema disease in pigs?
vascular necrosis causing edema in organs and infarcts in the brain focal symmetrical brainstem malacia
36
What type of virus causes canine distemper? How is it spread?
morbillivirus aerosol
37
What is the pathogenesis for canine distemper virus?
primary viremia causes infection of lymphoid tissue leads to immunosuppression increases susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection can have a secondary viremia that infects the CNS and epithelium - infect oligodendrocytes causing demyelination - recruit microglia after immune function is recovered = meningoencephalitis it is a pan tropic virus - targets the lymphoid tissue/epithelium/demyelination in the CNS
38
What are the 3 clinical disease manifestations of canine distemper virus
severe immunosuppression resulting in fatal encephalomyelitis robust immune response resulting in recovery delayed and weak immune response resulting in chronic demyeliination of the white matter and encephalomyelitis
39
What are the lesions of canine distemper virus
demyelination of the white matter - targets the oligodendrocytes secondary inflammation and meningoencephalitis can affect the cerebellum (also the cerebrum/optic nerve/spinal cord)
40
What causes old dog encephalitis?
Persistant infection from canine distemper virus
41
What are the lesions associated with old dog encephalitis?
lymphoplasmocytic meningoencephalitis in the cerebrum and brainstem
42
What is the common signalment of granulomatous meningoencephalitis? What causes it?
young/mid aged small dogs idiopathic
43
What are the gross and histo lesions of granulomatous meningoencephalitis?
gelatinous foci of white matter in the brain perivascular cuffing with granulomatous inflammation (macrophages and lymphocytes)
44
Where in the body does intervertebral disc disease mainly target?
thoracolumbar spine because it is narrower
45
What are the 2 types of IVDD?
chondrodysplastic aka hansen type 1 age related degeneration aka hansen type 2
46
Explain the process of chondrodysplastic IVDD
nucleus propulsus undergoes metaplastic change - turns to cartilage - more brittle causes a full rupture of the disc
47
Explain the process of age related degenerative IVDD
the nucleus propulsus undergoes age related fibrosis causes gradual compression of the spinal cord - wallarian degeneration in axons and blood vessel compression
48
Which is worse hansen type 1 or 2? Why?
Hansen type 1 aka chondroplastic disease is worse - acute and more severe because there is no collateral blood flow Hansen type 2 is less severe because it is a chronic process and collateral blood flow can develop
49
What is canine cognitive dysfunction? What causes it?
it is a clinical syndrome caused by the accumulation of senile plaques and amyloidosis in old dogs causing structural and functional impairment and cognitive dysfunction analogous to human alzheimers
50
What causes FIP?
mutated enteric corona virus
51
What is the pathogenesis of FIP?
systemic spread in macrophages forms immune complexes and causes cytokine release (due to perivascular macrophages) resulting in vasculitis and fluid leakage
52
What are the lesions associated with FIP
pyogranulomatous vasculitis meningitis ependymitis encephalomyelitis
53
Define neuropathy
non inflammatory disease of neurons
54
Define neuritis
nerve inflammation
55
Define dysautonomia
degeneration of GI nerves
56
Define polyradiculitis
disease of multiple cranial and spinal root nerves
57
Define polyradiculoneuritis
disease of multiple cranial and spinal root nerves along with their peripheral nerves
58
A brachial plexus avulsion due to a HBC can cause what kind of damage to the PNS?
traumatic
59
What is one example of traumatic injury to the PNS of a horse
facial nerve paralysis due to handling error, the halter in anesthesia, or a guttural pouch infection
60
What type of damage causes calving paralysis in cattle? Why?
traumatic sciatic and obturator nerve damage due to improper feto-pelic proportions
61
What animals are affected most by laryngeal hemiplasia?
horses thoroughbred/draft
62
What is the pathogenesis of laryngeal hemiplegia in horses
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve degenerates innervation and atrophy of the left cricoarytenoideus muscle Laryngeal paralysis aka roaring - can cause aspiration pneumonia
63
What can cause dysautonomia? What is a consequence?
can be caused by hereditary factors or peritonitis - increased inflammation and cytokines causing damage to the nerves (can resolve is peritonitis is treated) causes reduced intestinal motility/ileus
64
What is colonic agangliosis? What is another name for it? What animals does it affect and why?
aka lethal white foal sydrome american white paint horses - autosomal dominant trait (from parents with overo markings) due to mutation in endothelium B causing improper neural crest migration
65
What are the clinical signs of colonic agangliosis?
colic no meconium passed death within days of birth functional obstruction in the GI but normal gross morphology - no myenteric or submucosal ganglia white foal
66
How is colonic agangliosis prevented
DNA testing to screen parents
67
What animals are commonly affected by vitamin A deficiency? What does it cause? What is the clinical outcome?
neonatal calves peripheral neuropathy - reduces osteoclast bone remodelling resulting in a narrow optic formina - it compresses the optic nerve and causes wallarian degeneration = blind
68
What causes equine motor neuron disease? What are the associated lesions?
selenium deficiency (due to old hay) causes oxidative injury in lower motor neurons and axons resulting in wallarian degeneration and muscle atrophy
69
What type of injury can neuromuscular junction injury cause?
severe muscle dysfunction not associated with deinnervation atrophy
70
What is the pathogenesis of Clostridium botulinum
neurotoxin permanently prevents Ach release at the synapse result in flaccid paralysis - can result in respiratory paralysis and death
71
List 3 routes of infection of C. botulinum
ingestion GI contamination (foals) wound inf - rare horses are very sensitive
72
What causes limberneck in ducks?
botulism can be ingested from eating contaminated maggots
73
What is myesthenia gravis? What animals does it affect?
congenital disease that causes autoIg to block Ach receptors dogs
74
What are 3 main clinical consequences of myesthenia gravis?
megaesophagus thymoma aspiration pneumonia no specific lesions
75
What is coonhound paralysis? What causes it?
It is immune mediated demyelination of ventral spinal nerve roots and the associated peripheral nerves it can occur 1-2 weeks after a bite or scratch from a raccoon - does not require raccoon contact tho similar to guillian barre syndrome in humans
76
What are the clinical signs of coonhound paralysis?
ascending flaccid paralysis hyperesthesia (pain from a non-painful stimuli) weakness no gross lesions
77
What animals are most affected by tumors in the PNS?
dogs cattle (can have a multicentric form = neurofibromatosis)
78
What are the features and types of PNS tumors?
nerve sheath tumors - benign or malignant can be spinal (brachial plexus) or cranial (trigeminal) in origin schwann cell = schwannoma fibroblast = neurofibrone perineural = perineuroma
79
What are the associated lesions for PNS tumors
wallarian degeneration due to nerve compression muscle atrophy

VETM 425 Sys Path (38 decks)

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