Lecture 22: Reproductive 1 Flashcards by Emma J

What are the 3 phases of development?

determine sec chromosomes
- either XX or XY
establish a gonadal type
- early in embryo = bipotent gonad
- if XY the SRY region on the Y chromosome is the testis determining factor
establish tubular and external genitalia
- paired mesonephric ducts
- paramesonephric ducts

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Explain how tubular and external genitalia form in males

Wolffian development: male

paired blind ended mesonephric ducts form
anti-mullarian hormone is secreted from sertoli cells causing regression of paramesonephric ducts
testosterone is secreted from interstitial cells causing development of epididymus, deferent duct, vesicular glands, and ampulla
the urogenital sinus and tuberacle form the prostate, bulbourethral gland, scrotum, and penis

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Explain how tubular and external genitalia form in females

Mullarian development: female

paramesonephric ducts open into the coelomic cavity
mesonephric tubules for the rete ovarii
mesonephric ducts regress
paramesonephric ducts form the uterine horns, uterine tube, uterine body, cervix, and cranial vagina
urogenital sinus and tuberacle forms the caudal vagina, vestibule, vulva, and clitoris

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Define what ‘disorders of sexual development’ are. What are 2 alternate names and their respective meanings?

DSD = congenital abnormalities of the reproductive tract
- can be either minor or major

aka

true hermaphrodite: both ovaries and testes

pseudohermaphrodite: either ovaries or testes
- do not match the sex of the other parts of the repro tract (ex. external characteristics)

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List 3 types of DSD

chromosomal
XX
XY

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Explain what chromosomal DSD’s are?

they are an abnormal number of chromosomes

rare

either X_ or XXY

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Do male calico cats have a DSD? If so, what is it. What about female calicos?

yes

calico coat colour is an X linked trait
- inactivation of one X in females causes the mixed colour pattern

It can occur in males that are XXY

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Explain the DSD affecting freemartin cattle. How does that manifest and why?

Freemartin cattle: male and female twins in which the placental vessels anastomose causing exchange of blood and hematopoeitic tissue

They both become chimeras
- no/low impact on males

Females:
- inhibit ovarian growth and favour testes development = infertile
- ovotestes development due to exposure to testes determining factor from male twin
- small hypoplastic gonads and uterine horns due to anti-mullarian hormone exposure
- vesicular glands due to testosterone exposure
- vagina may not be patent due to impaired urogenital sinus development due to testosterone
= phenotypically female (vagina +/- patent) with prominent clitoris and hair tuft

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Explain what XX DSD’s are

the majority are ‘normal’ (external genitalia and chromosome) female

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Explain what XY DSD’s are

the majority are ‘normal’ (sry and chromosome) male

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Provide an example of a XX DSD

segmental aplasia
- no development of a segment of internal structures (uterine body/horns)

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Provide 2 examples of XY DSD

cryptorchidism

testicular aplasia

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List the main anatomic parts of the male reproductive tract (non-penile structures)

scrotum > testes > epididymus (head/body/tail)

spermatic cord
-creemaster muscle
- pampiniform plexus
- deferent duct

vaginal tunic
- outpouching of peritoneum

temperature dependent function
- should be 2-3C below body temp
- changes can cause testes atrophy and degeneration

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What are the 4 portals of entry of pathogens to the male reproductive tract. Provide examples.

blood (brucella)

ascending infection from prepuce

direct (bite)

peritoneum (FIP/neoplasia)

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What is the blood testes barrier? How is it maintained? Why is it important?

the sertoli cells form barrier in seminiferous tubules

immuno-protected area
- if contents escape = foreign body reaction/inflammation
- granulomatous reaction = spermatic granuloma

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What are 3 causes of ‘too small’ testes in an otherwise normal male

cryptorchidism

testicular hypoplasia

testes atrophy and degeneration

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What is cryptorchidism? How does it usually present?

incomplete descent of testes related to an autosomal recessive trait

common

the testes can be found anywhere along/close to the inguinal canal
- usually unilateral (the side can be species dependent

retained testes = hypoplastic

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Why is cryptorchidism a problem?

It can increase neoplasia risk (even in the contralateral testes)

can cause torsion
- common
- especially if neoplasia present

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What is testicular hypoplasia

congenial

reduced development of testes

common either uni or bilateral

can be concurrent with conditions like cryptorchidism

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What is testes atrophy and degeneration

Reduction in testes size after puberty/development

common either uni or bilateral

due to many causes
- age
- toxin
-obstruction
- neoplasia
- fever/local inflammation
- hormonal
- trauma

apoptosis of germ cells

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How to differentiate testicular hypoplasia from atrophy and degeneration?

must use the history and any change of size to differentiate

cannot differentiate visually
both =
- small/soft/flabby/yellow
- no bulge when cute
- will become firm and mineralized over time

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List 4 causes of testes being ‘too big’

spermatic granuloma

epididymitis

orchitis

testicular neoplasia

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What is a spermatic granuloma? How does it form? How does it present clinically?

ruptured seminiferous tubules cause a spermatozoa leak = chronic inflammation and fibrosis resulting in obstruction and sperm stasis
- positive feedback loop

in epididymal head = congenital
in epididymal tail = secondary to epididymitis

results in a caseus-abcess granuloma and infertility

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What apecies are most affected by epididymitis

rams and dogs

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What is epididymitis? What are the main causes? How does it present?

inflammation of epididymus (can be concurrant with orchitis) mainly bacterial cause - usually affecting the tail because it is closer to the environment can cause spermatic granuloma due to obstruction and vessel leakage

What are the common bacterial types that cause epididymitis

hematogenous - brucella canis or ovis ascending infection - actinobacillus seminis - histophilus somni in ram - E. coli in dog

What is orchitis

inflammation of testes less common than epididymitis can be necrotizing

Why is brucella important?

reportable in canada zoonotic only found in northern canada in wild animals (bison/caribou)

How does one get orchitis? What bacteria typically cause it?

hematogenous - brucella abortus = bull - B. suis = boar - B. canis = dog

How are testicular neoplasias typically differentiated?

gross appearance either single or multiple

What are the common testicular neoplasms in dogs in ascending order of prevalence

1. interstitial 2. seminoma 3. sertoli

What a common testicular neoplasm affecting horses

seminomas

What are 4 types of testicular neoplasms

interstitial/leydig cell tumor seminoma sertoli cell tumor teratoma

What are the gross features of interstitial cell tumors?

spherical well demarcated soft tan-orange with some hemorrhage and necrosis

Are interstitial cell tumors associated with cryptorchidism?

What species are most affected by interstitial cell tumors

#1 testicular neoplasia in bulls, dogs, and cats

What are the gross features of seminomas

homogenous white-pink soft bulge when cut

What is the relationship between seminomas and cryptochidism

they are related

What species are seminomas most common in

#1 testicular neoplasia in stallions - #2 in dogs

What is the gross appearance of sertoli cell tumors

well demarcated multilobar tan-white firm

What is the relationship between sertoli cell tumors and cryptorchidism

1/3 of these tumors are found in cryptorchid testes = associated

What species are sertoli cell tumors most common in

#3 testicular neoplasia of dogs

What are the clinical signs of an animal with a sertoli cell tumor? Why?

feminization and hyperestrogenism alopecia attraction of males bone marrow suppression pendulous prepuce gynecomastia (mammary gland enlargement) prostatic hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia pancytopenia: non-regenerative anemia thrombocytopenia neutropenia because these tumors are hormonally active but metastasis is rare (usually benign)

What type of tumor (benign or malignant) are testicular neoplasms

mainly benign - metastasis is rare

What causes prostatic hyperplasia and what animals does it mainly occur in?

age related hormone related mainly intact males - castration result in atrophy

What are the clinical signs and gross appearance of prostatic hyperplasia

clinically: constipation and tenesmus gross: bilaterally symmetrically enlarged - +/- cyst - non-painful

What causes prostatitis?

bacteria blood: brucella ascending infection: E. coli or Proteus vulgaris

What are the clinical signs and gross appearance of prostatitis

clinically: - toxemia - signs of UTI (difficulty urinating, blood and/or pus in urine) - can have concurrant prostatic hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia (more common if intact) gross - asymmetrical enlargement - painful - can become chronic and from abcess

What is the main neoplasm affecting the prostate?

carcinoma of the prostate

What is the cause of carcinomas of the prostate?

unknown neutering is not protective

What are the clinical signs and gross appearance of carcinomas of the prostate?

clinically - cachexia - mobility problems (metastasize to spine/plexus) - urethral obstruction gross either - enlarged, irregular and non painful or - not enlarged and causing urinary obstruction

What is the prognosis of carcinomas the of the prostate

poor metastasis common

What is vesicular adenitis? What animals does it mainly affect?

young bulls in their 1st season it is a chronic bacterial infection of vesicular glands

What are the clinical signs and gross appearance of vesicular adenitis

clinically - reduced fertility due to increased inflammation causing reduced survival of sperm in freezing conditions gross - enlarged - firm/fibrotic - reduced lobation

Define phalitis

penis inflammation

Define balanitis

inflammation of penis head

Define posthitis

inflammation of the prepuce

List 3 types of inflammatory diseases affecting the penis/prepuce

asymptomatic genital herpes pizzle rot/ovine posthitis

What are 2 causes for asymptomatic inflammatory disease of the penis/prepuce?

Tritrichomonas fetus Campylobacter fetus supsepcies venerealis

What animals are mainly affected by asymptomatic inflammatory disease of the penis/prepuce? What is the consequence of disease?

bulls are carriers cause abortion/embryonic loss/infertility

What does genital herpes cause clinically?

balanoposthitis

What animals does genital herpes affect?

many cows - abortion - BHV1 horses: EHV3

What is ovine posthitis? How is it caused?

wethers corynebacterium renale produces urease - when eating a high protein diet there is more urea in the urine - C. renale converts it to ammonia - chemical ulceration of prepuce - inflammation/swelling - urethral obstruction +/- death

What are 3 types of neoplasms that affect the penis/prepuce?

penile squamous cell carcinoma penile fibrosarcoma canine transmissible venereal tumor

What animals are most affected by penile squamous cell carcinoma? What causes it?

horses causes: - exposure to UV - equine papillomavirus 2

What is the behaviour and clinical picture of penile squamous cell carcinoma

It is locally infiltrative and agressive = hard to remove metastasizes to regional lymph nodes it is the top differential for an ulcerated and exophytic mass on the penis

What animals are commonly affected by penile fibrosarcomas? What causes it?

young bulls cause: bovine papillomavirus 1

What are the gross features of penile fibrosarcoma?

multiple large grey/white exophytic hyperplastic epithelium surrounded by fibrous tissue core

What is the prognosis for penile fibrosarcoma?

usually benign but can cause pain during breeding or urination

What is canine transmissible venereal tumor? What causes it?

It is transmitted directly between dogs during sexual contact tumor of canine histiocytes - form primary neoplasm of external genitalia and face (when contact genitalia)

What is the prognosis of canine transmissible venereal tumor

it will spontaneously regress it can metastasize if in poor health

Lecture 22: Reproductive 1 Flashcards

(72 cards)