Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psych310 > Lecture 18: Addictions > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Addictions Flashcards

1
Q

2009 web surveys

A
  • 2500 undergrads
  • 81% drank in last 4 weeks
  • 68% drank a hazardous amount
  • 37% binged in last week
  • 33% had a blackout
  • 6% had unprotected sex
  • 5% were physically aggressive
  • 10% drank + drove
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2012/13 NZ Alcohol Use Survey (in past 12 months)

A
  • 80% NZ adults consumed alcohol
  • 8% intoxicated weekly
  • 12.2% experienced problems from their drinking
  • 50% drink to intoxication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

NZ Health Survey 2017/18

A
  • 20% drank alcohol in a way that could harm self or others
  • Hazardous drinking rates higher in men than women
  • Adults in most deprived areas were 1.3x as likely to be hazardous drinkers as adults in least deprived areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

‘Safe drinking levels’

A

One standard drink equivalents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Low Risk Drinking

A

For females:
- To reduce risk of injury no more than 4s.d at once
- To reduce long-term health risks, no more than 2 s.d daily (10 per week)
For males:
- To reduce risk of injury, no more than 5s.d at once
- To reduce long-term health risks no more than 3s.d daily (15 per week)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

NZ Substance Use (2015 Global Drug Survey)

A
  • Alcohol 95%
  • Cannabis 63.5%
  • Synthetic cannabis 21%
  • Cocaine 14%
  • Meth 8.5%
  • Opioids 6.8%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Other addictions

A
  • Sex
  • Porn
  • Food?
  • Gambling
  • Pills
  • Internet gaming?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is this addiction frame helpful or harmful?

A
  • Hard to accept addiction = stigma, blame, judgement from society
  • Not their faulty but need to put in hard work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Worldwide

A
  • Cannabis, cocaine, MDMA, Amphetamines, LSD, magic mushrooms, Prescription opioids, E-cigarettes, Benzo, Nitrous oxide, ketamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DSM5: Substance-Related Disorders

A

1) Substance use disorders

2) Substance induced disorders = intoxication, withdrawal, substance-induced mental disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DSM5: Addictive Disorders

A

1) Gambling disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DSM5: Classes of substances covered

A

Alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, stimulants, tobacco, other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Criteria: Substance use disorder (within a 12mnth period)

A
  1. Using larger amounts than intended
  2. Unsuccessful attempts to stop or control use
  3. Spending a deal of time obtaining, using or recovering from effects
  4. Craving or strong urge to use substance
  5. Failure to fulfil obligations at work etc.
  6. Continued use despite recurrent social or interpersonal problems
  7. Important activities given up or reduced because of use
  8. Use in physically hazardous situations
  9. Continue use despite physical or psychological problems
  10. Tolerance
  11. Withdrawal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DSM5 Severity & Specifiers

A 
Severity:
 - Mild (2-3 symptoms)
 - moderate (4-5)
 - Severe (6 or more)
Specify remission:
 - In early remission (no criterai for 3-12 mnths)
 - In sustained remission (12+ months)
 - In a controlled env. (where access is limited)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gambling Disorder (at least 4 of following in 12 mnth period)

A
  1. Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money
  2. Restless or irritable when attempting to cut down/stop
  3. Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control or stop
  4. Often preoccupied with gambling
  5. often gambles when feeling distressed
  6. After losing, returns to re-coup losses
  7. Lies to conceal extent of involvement
  8. Jeopardised or lost sig. job, relationship or opportunity because of it
  9. Relies on others to provide money to relieve desperate financial situations caused by it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Other places in DSM5

A
  • Neurocognitive disorders - delirium = substance intoxication delirium
    = substance withdrawal delirium
17
Q

Aetiology of substance use disorders

A
  • The Moral Model = a characterological flaw, immoral or lack of control (early 90s)
  • The Disease Model = addiction is a medical disorder characterised by brain impairment whereby cravings are so strong (1930s)
    = a central premise for AA
  • The Bio-psycho-social model = states many factors all contribute to substance consumption & should be taken into account for prevention + treatment
18
Q

Bio-Psycho-Social Model

A
  • Bio = genetics, physiology, tolerance, withdrawal
  • Psycho = personality, learned behaviour
  • Social = society, culture
19
Q

Aetiology - Biological

A
  • Genetic predisposition = adoption & twin studies show disorders have strong genetic component
  • Dopaminergic reward system = use acts directly on brain’s reward systems
  • Role of frontal lobrs = our ‘brakes’
20
Q

Biological - Role of brain (pleasure reward system)

A
  • Dopamine plays a large role in neurochemistry of substance use
  • Stimulation triggers release of dopamine (reward system)
  • Drives use to do what is pleasurable (& important for survival)
  • Substances stimulate same area of brain (as electrodes)
  • The frontal lobes - our ‘brakes’ = play major role in decision-making & also in inhibiting or stopping unacceptable behaviour
    = For some, brakes are weak so more difficult to stop or not use
21
Q

Aetiology - Psychological Models

A

1) Personality theory = addictive personality - very little evidence
= Tri-dimensional personality theory - interaction between 1. harm avoidance, 2. novelty seeking, 3. reward dependence

22
Q

2) Psychological theories: Behavioural Theory

A
  • Views substance use as a learned behaviour pattern
  • Operant C = based on premises of reward + punishment
  • CC = learning by association
  • Social learning theory = modeled behaviour
23
Q

3) Cognitive Theory

A
  • Emphasises importance of addictive beliefs & positive outcome expectancies and permission giving thoughts we have in relation to substance use
24
Q

Assessment

A
  • Patterns of use
  • Presence of physical dependence = tolerance, withdrawal
  • Effects/harms = liver (physical), lover (relational), livelihood (work), law (legal)
  • Function or theory of causation…why?
  • Stage of change or motivation for change = pre-contemplation, contemplation, determination, action, maintenance, relapse
25
Q

Treatment

A
  • Models: CADS guiding principles include = harm minimisation
    = a motivational approach
    = evidence-based practice
26
Q

1) Motivational Interviewing

A
  • Counselling style for enhancing behaviour change
  • Client-centred approach by helping clients to explore + resolve ambivalence
  • MI usually brief-provided over 1-2 sessions
  • Relationship is collaborative
  • Empathy, genuiness, UPR
  • Client who must decide to change
  • Client needs self esteem & self-efficacy
27
Q

Principles of motivational interviewing

A
  • Deploy discrepancy = awareness of consequences is important
  • Express empathy = avoid labelling
  • Avoid argumentation = counterproductive
  • Roll with resistance = momentum can be used to advantage as perceptions can be shifted
  • Support self-efficacy = belief in possibility of change
28
Q

Efficacy of motivational interviewing

A
  • Meta-analysis = strongest support for MI was in altering substance abuse
    = Some reported large effects of MI in increased engagement in treatment & adherence to treatment recommendations
29
Q

2) CBT

A
  • Often viewed as Relapse Prevention Therapy
  • Based on two models of relapse = Marlatt & Gordon (1985)
    = Beck (1993)
30
Q

CBT: Behavioural Contingency Management

A
  • Based on principle that changing reinforcement contingencies that govern behaviour can modify behaviour
  • CC contingencies = cue exposure (cues without substance)
    = aversion procedure -> pair cue with negative outcome
31
Q

CBT: Behavioural Contingency Management (part 2)

A
  • Operant Learning Contingencies = identify reinforcement patterns that are assessed as maintaining substance use &…
  • > reinforce other non-substance related behaviour
  • > might involve teaching & coaching non-substance related behaviour
  • > punish substance-related behaviour
32
Q

CBT: Add cognitive component …(Relapse Prevention)

A
  • Set goals
  • Identify factors that may prevent one from reaching goals
  • Coach client to avoid or manage these factors
  • Functional analysis of any lapses
  • Develop more non-drug taking strategies & keep going…
33
Q

CBT Model of Relapse (Beck)

A

High risk situation -> addictive belief activated -> craving/urge -> permissive thoughts & beliefs activated -> focus on using -> lapse -> rule violation effect -> relapse ->

psych310 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions