Lecture 19

Question 1

stage 2 - CHO breakdown

Answer 1

2 pyruvate molecules degreade further to:
1- hydogen atoms (H)
2- ATP

Question 2

stage 2 is called

Answer 2

citric acid cycle

Question 3

purpose of stage 2

Answer 3

generate pairs of H atoms for trasnferr to the electron transport chain where majority of the ATP is produced

Question 4

ATP produced 2 ways during CHO breakdown

Answer 4

• Directly in the glycolysis and CAC pathways

- Indirectly from pairs of H taken to the ETC by NAD and FAD

Question 5

ETC

Answer 5

• pairs of H atoms are removed from all stages of CHO breakdown by NAD and FAD carriers

Question 6

Points where H is sent to ETC in the CHO breakdown

Answer 6

• stage 2 where pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA= 1 pair of H send to the ETC
• 4 points on the one CAC where H pairs are released

Question 7

when are ATP produced during stage 1 and stage 2

Answer 7

• one ATP is produced in CAC after step 7. (2 CAC therefore 2 ATP are produced)
• stage 1 glycolysis = 2 ATP glucose

Question 8

indirect production of ATP

Answer 8

• 90% of ATP is made indirectly in ETC

- H taken to the ETC by NAD + FAD will make ATP

Question 9

what are the 2 rules of ATP

Answer 9

2 NAD will produce = 5 ATP

2 FAD will produce = 3 ATP

Question 10

how many molecules are made

Answer 10

32 ATP if glucose

33 ATP if glycogen

Question 11

fate of hydrogen in the ETC - ooxidative phosphorylation or aerobic metabolism

Answer 11

• H reaches the ETC and splits into proteins and electrons
• ETC is made up of cytochromes (electron carriers)
• pairs of electrons are passed down the cytochrome chain
• energy is relased which results in the phosphorylation of ADP and a Pi to ATP
• Finally, the electrons reach the end of the chain where they rejoin with H+ and oxygen (O2) to form water (H2O).

Question 12

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 12

Energy generated from electrons stripped from H in the ETC is used to phosphorylate ATP