Lecture 19: Neighbourhoods

Question 1

What are the L.O.?

Answer 1

What are the characteristics of a built environment?

How do NZ IMD and NZDep measure SEP?

How can built environment can influence behaviors?

What features of urban planning are health promoting?

Question 2

What is Deprivation?

Answer 2

“Deprivation is a state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community or the wider society or nation to which an individual, family or group belongs”

Question 3

What type of deprivation does Neighborhood dep focus on?

Answer 3

Material Deprivation

‘deficit’ approach to describing population health
– Describes populations in relation to what they ‘don’t have’

Question 4

What are the variables in NZDep 2018?

Answer 4

CIIEQOSLD
Cool Intelligent Individuals Eat Quality Oranges, Staying Lavishly Delicious

Communication
Income
Income
Employment
Qualifications
Owned home
Support
Living space
Damp/Mould

Question 5

What is the most important variable in NZDep 2018?

Answer 5

Communication: People with no access to the Internet at home

Question 6

What is the second most important variable in NZDep 2018?

Answer 6

Income: People aged 18-64 receiving a means-tested benefit

Question 7

What is the third most important variable in NZDep 2018?

Answer 7

Income: People living in equivalised* households with income below an income threshold

Question 8

What is the fourth most important variable in NZDep 2018?

Answer 8

Employment: People aged 18-64 unemployed

Question 9

What is the meaning of Qualifications in NZDep 2018?

Answer 9

Qualifications: People aged 18-64 without any qualifications

Question 10

What is the meaning of Owned Home in NZDep 2018?

Answer 10

Owned home: People not living in their own home

Question 11

What is the meaning of Support in NZDep 2018?

Answer 11

Support: People aged <65 living in a single parent family

Question 12

What is the meaning of Living Space in NZDep 2018?

Answer 12

Living Space: People living in equivalised* households below a bedroom occupancy threshold

Question 13

What is the meaning of Damp/Mould in NZDep 2018?

Answer 13

Damp/Mould: People living in households that are always damp and/or always have mould greater than A4 size

Question 14

What are the variables in NZ Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)?

Answer 14

EICHHEA
Every Interesting Cat Has Happy Energetic Attitude

Employment
Income
Crime
Housing
Health
Education
Access

Question 15

What are the advantages of NZ Index of Multiple Deprivation?

Answer 15

The IMD allows one to look at disadvantage in overall terms, as well as individual deprivation.

The seven domains are weighted to reflect the relative importance of each domain in representing the
key determinants of socio-economic deprivation, the adequacy of their indicators and the robustness
of the data that they use.

Question 16

What is the meaning of Employment in NZ IMD?

Answer 16

Employment: # of working age people receiving <$45 per day via job seeker support

Question 17

What is the meaning of Income in NZ IMD?

Answer 17

Income: Amount of Working for Families Payment.

Amount of Income Related Benefits

Question 18

What is the meaning of Crime in NZ IMD?

Answer 18

Crime: # of Victims of Homicide + Referral Order.
Physical/Sexual Assault
Abduction and Kidnapping
Robbery and Extortion + Referral Order
Trespassing + RO
Theft + RO

Question 19

What is the meaning of Housing in NZ IMD

Answer 19

of people in overcrowded housing

Housing: # of people in rented housing
# of people in overcrowded housing
# of people in damp dwellings
# of people without all the amenities on census form

Question 20

What is the meaning of Health in NZ IMD?

Answer 20

Health: # of emergency admissions
# of people with certain cancers
# of Hospitalizations related to: infectious diseases, respiratory diseases

Question 21

What is the meaning of Education in NZ IMD?

Answer 21

Education: # of <17 yr school leavers
# of school leavers without NCEA Lv 2
# working age without qualifications
# youth not working or in education

Question 22

What is the meaning of Access in NZ IMD?

Answer 22

Access: DISTANCE TO NEAREST 3
GP/A&M
Supermarket
Service Station
Primary + Intermediate School
ECE Centre

Question 23

What are appropriate uses of NZDep 2018?

Answer 23

• Planning and resource allocation
• Research
• Advocacy

Question 24

What is the ecological fallacy?

Answer 24

The error that arises when information about groups of people is used to make inferences about individuals

Question 25

What are the three levels of influence in the Dahlgren and Whitehead model?

Answer 25

Person/Individual Community Enviroment

Question 26

What is the individual level of neighbourhood in Dahlgren and Whitehead model?

Answer 26

– Age, sex, biology, behavior risk factors and lifestyle – Attitudes to physical activity, health and well-being

Question 27

What is the community level of neighborhood in Dahlgren and Whitehead model?

Answer 27

– Availability of parks and recreation opportunities – Family, friends and neighbours’ habits in relation to healthy activities

Question 28

What is the environmental level of neighborhood in Dahlgren and Whitehead model?

Answer 28

– Physical, built, school, work, home

Question 29

What is a healthy environment?

Answer 29

* The physical, social or political setting(s) that prevent disease while enhancing human health and well-being

Question 30

What are the elements of a healthy enviroment?

Answer 30

– Clean air and water – Appropriate housing – Access to wholesome food – Safe community spaces – Access to transport – Opportunities to incorporate exercise as part of daily life

Question 31

What is the definition of a built enviroment?

Answer 31

‘all the buildings, spaces and products that are created, or at least significantly modified by people’

Question 32

What does the built environment include?

Answer 32

– Structures: homes, schools and workplaces, – Urban design: parks, business areas and roads. * Above ground: electric transmission lines * Below ground: waste disposal, subway trains * Across land: motorways/ transportation network.

Question 33

How are built environments measured?

Answer 33

* Urban density – Population and/or employment density * Land-use mix – Residential, commercial, industrial, wasteland * Street connectivity – “Lollipop” neighborhoods vs. well connected streets * Community resources – Access to recreational facilities or healthy foods

Question 34

How urban design can improve active travel and physical activity?

Answer 34

Street connectivity: Reduces distance between destination, encouraging the use of ‘active transport’ Traffic calming and other street design features: Facilities that encourage walking and cycling and discourage driving Mix of residential, commercial and business uses: Increases opportunities for active transport Public open spaces & physical activity spaces: Increase opportunities for physical activity