Lecture 22: Approaches To Intervention Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is Epidemiology?
“Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health- related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems”
How can Epidemiology can play a central role in preventing disease (injury)?
– unravelling the causal pathway
– directing preventive action
– evaluation of effectiveness
Why is the need for prevention growing?
The limitations in curing disease become apparent and as the costs of medical care escalate
What are the two main types of Population Health Actions?
Population based (mass) strategy
High risk (individual) strategy
What are some traits of Population based (Mass) strategy?
- Focuses on the whole population
- Aims to reduce the health risks/
improve the outcome of all
individuals in the population - Useful for a common disease or
widespread cause
What are some traits of High Risk (Individual) Strategy?
- Focuses on individuals perceived to be a high risk
- The intervention is well matched to individuals and their concerns
What are advantages of Population based (Mass) Strategy?
- Radical (Shifts whole population) -addresses underlying causes
- Large potential benefit for whole population
- Behaviorally appropriate (Changes Behavioral Norms)
What are disadvantages of Population based (Mass) Strategy?
- Small benefit to individuals
- Poor motivation of individuals (Unless legislated, the population probably won’t do it)
- Whole population is exposed to downside of strategy (less favorable benefit-to-risk ratio) (Not always benefiting all the time)
What are advantages of High risk (Individual) Strategy?
- Appropriate to individuals
- Individual motivation (Probably will do it without being enforced)
- Cost effective use of resources
- Favorable benefit-to-risk ratio (Always benefiting)
What are disadvantages of High risk (Individual) Strategy?
- Cost of screening, need to identify individuals
- Temporary effect
- Limited potential
- Behaviorally inappropriate (Social pressure not to take up interventions that conflict with social norms)
What are the three main approaches to intervention?
HEALTH PROMOTION
DISEASE PREVENTION
HEALTH PROTECTION
What are some characteristics of Health Promotion?
- Acts on determinants of wellbeing
- Health/wellbeing focus
- Enables/empowers people to increase control over, and improve, their health
- Involves whole population in everyday contexts
What is primary care?
Patients regular source of healthcare (e.g. GP, pharmacist, physiotherapist)
Community based
What is secondary care?
Specialist care (e.g. Neurologists,
dermatologist)
What is tertiary care?
Hospital based care (e.g. Rehabilitation)
What is Alma Ata 1978?
International Conference on Primary Health Care in Kazakhstan
What does the Alma Ata of 1978 promote?
- Protect and promote health of all
- Advocated a health promotion approach to primary care
According to Alma Ata of 1978, what are the prerequisites of health?
- Peace and safety from violence
- Shelter
- Education
- Food
- Income and economic support
- Stable ecosystem and sustainable resources
- Social justice and equity
What does the Ottawa Charter for health promotion (WHO) acknowledge health as?
- A fundamental right for everybody
- That it requires both individual and collective responsibility
- The opportunity to have good health should be equally available
- And that good health is an essential element of social and economic development
What are the three core strategies of the Ottawa Charter?
ENABLE:
ADVOCATE:
MEDIATE:
What is the 5 priority action areas of the Ottawa Charter of 1986?
– Develop personal skills
– Strengthen community action
– Create supportive environments
– Reorient health services towards primary health care
– Build healthy public policy
What are some characteristics of disease prevention?
- Disease focus
- Looks at particular diseases (or injuries) and ways of preventing them e.g. the incidence, the prevalence, risk factors, or impacts
What are the stages of disease status?
Primary
Secondary
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