lecture 19 redone

Question 1

heterogeneity

Answer 1

each component can have multiple isoforms e.g different isoforms of IP3 and RyR receptors

Question 2

2 types of remodelling

Answer 2

phenotypic remodelling
genotypic remodelling

Question 3

phenotypic remodelling

Answer 3

when a component becomes phosphorylates
alters transcription rate so more/less of it is produced

Question 4

genotypic remodelling

Answer 4

mutation in the gene that is encoding to isoforms and alters the activity

Question 5

phenotypic remodlling in the heart:
adrenaline binds to its receptor in the heart cells it elevates

Answer 5

cAMP

Question 6

cAMP causes phosphorylation of

Answer 6

calcium signalling components (voltage operated calcium channel and SERCA), causes larger calcium transient - stronger heart contraction

Question 7

phenotypic remodelling in the liver:
if liver gets damages it will down regulate

Answer 7

key calcium signalling components

Question 8

lower frequency calcium spikes of greater duration

Answer 8

has lower numbers of vasopressin receptors and IP3Rs whilst the liver regenerates

Question 9

phenotypic and genotypic remodelling can be negative though and causes disease e.g.

Answer 9

alzheimers disease (phenotypic) brodys disease (genotypic)

Question 10

alzheimers disease
beta-amyloid oligomers increase calcium entry via the

Answer 10

NMDA receptor

Question 11

also the amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD) which

Answer 11

increases calcium release from stores

Question 12

amyloid precursor protein is in the membrane and in AD the Abeta monomers come together into oligomer and the oligomer binds to the

Answer 12

NMDA receptor

Question 13

the oligomer binding to the NMDA receptors allows

Answer 13

more calcium to enter the cell

Question 14

the AICD on the precursor protein gets chopped off into the cytosol and enters nucleus where it is a

Answer 14

transcription factor

Question 15

the AICD increases the transcription of the

Answer 15

RyRs

Question 16

the AICD decreases the transcription of

Answer 16

calbindin (buffer)

Question 17

memories are triggered by

Answer 17

calcium entry (1000nM) through the NMDA receptor

Question 18

calcium entry (1000nM) through the NMDA receptor is known as

Answer 18

LTP (long term potentiation)

Question 19

when memories enter initially they enter the

Answer 19

temporary memory store

Question 20

over night all these memories get

Answer 20

consolidated into permanent memory store

Question 21

then we get a broader calcium signal (300nM) which triggers

Answer 21

LTD (long term depression)

Question 22

LTD erases what

Answer 22

erases the temporary memory store so it can receive new temporary memories

Question 23

memory in AD
resting calcium level is increase from 100nM to 300-500nM
we still get LTP laying down the temporary memory but because the resting level is increased we have

Answer 23

persistent activation of LTD

Question 24

persistent activation of LTD causes

Answer 24

erasure of the temporary memory store before the memories can be consolidated into permanent memory store

Question 25

we could try increase the expression/efficacy of the

Answer 25

off mechanisms

Question 26

what vitamin does this

Answer 26

vitamin D

Question 27

vitamin D

Answer 27

increase expression of calcium ATPases sodium calcium exchanger increases concentration of calbindin

Question 28

there is a bidirectional relationship between

Answer 28

calcium signalling and the amyloidogenic pathway

Question 29

calcium signalling simtulates

Answer 29

the metabolism APP