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FBS 172 Lec > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

MENDEL’S INHERITANCE (78 cards)

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1
Q

GENETICS

A

Branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation of organisms; study of genes and inheritance.

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2
Q

Branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation of organisms; study of genes and inheritance.

A

GENETICS

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3
Q

foundation of forest tree breeding and improvement

A

GENETICS

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4
Q

GENETICS

A

foundation of forest tree breeding and improvement

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5
Q

FOREST GENETICS

A

study of heredity in forest trees

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6
Q

study of heredity in forest trees

A

FOREST GENETICS

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7
Q

the sub-discipline of genetics concerned with genetic variation and inheritance in forest trees

A

FOREST GENETICS

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8
Q

FOREST GENETICS

A

the sub-discipline of genetics concerned with genetic variation and inheritance in forest trees

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9
Q

provides the knowledge necessary to breed trees through traditional methods of selection and hybridization, and also through newer biotechnologies

A

FOREST GENETICS

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10
Q

FOREST GENETICS

A

provides the knowledge necessary to breed trees through traditional methods of selection and hybridization, and also through newer biotechnologies

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11
Q

PHENOTYPE

A

Interaction of environment and genotype

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12
Q

Interaction of environment and genotype

A

PHENOTYPE

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13
Q

TWO VIEWPOINTS OF HEREDITY

A

BLENDING
PARTICULATE

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14
Q

BLENDING
PARTICULATE

A

TWO VIEWPOINTS OF HEREDITY

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15
Q

Hypothesis: genetic materials from two parents blends together; offspring were essentially a “dilution” of the different parental characteristics

A

BLENDING

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16
Q

BLENDING

A

Hypothesis: genetic materials from two parents blends together; offspring were essentially a “dilution” of the different parental characteristics

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17
Q

Ex. Blue + Yellow = Green

A

BLENDING

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18
Q

BLENDING

A

Ex. Blue + Yellow = Green

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19
Q

PARTICULATE

A

Hypothesis: parents pass on discrete heritable units (now known as genes)

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20
Q

Hypothesis: parents pass on discrete heritable units (now known as genes)

A

PARTICULATE

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21
Q

GENES (CHARACTER)

A

functional units of DNA that code for specific traits

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22
Q

functional units of DNA that code for specific traits

A

GENES (CHARACTER)

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23
Q

Ex. Plant height; Fruit Color

A

GENES (CHARACTER)

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24
Q

GENES (CHARACTER)

A

Ex. Plant height; Fruit Color

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25
ALLELE (TRAIT)
specific characteristics that vary from individual to individual as coded by the DNA
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specific characteristics that vary from individual to individual as coded by the DNA
ALLELE (TRAIT)
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Ex. Short/tall; Yellow/Green
ALLELE (TRAIT)
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ALLELE (TRAIT)
Ex. Short/tall; Yellow/Green
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GREGOR MENDEL
“Father of Genetics”
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“Father of Genetics”
GREGOR MENDEL
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In 1866 GREGOR MENDEL published
Experiments in Plant Hybridization, (Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden) in which he established his 3 Principles of Inheritance
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Mendel looked at
seven traits or characteristics of pea plants:
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TRUE-BRED (PURE BRED)
all offspring of same variety
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TRUE-BRED (PURE BRED)
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HYBRIDIZATION
crossing of 2 different true-breds
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crossing of 2 different true-breds
HYBRIDIZATION
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MONOHYBRID CROSS
a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait); parents differ by a single trait.
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a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait); parents differ by a single trait.
MONOHYBRID CROSS
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P
Parental generation
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Parental generation
P
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F1
First filial generation; offspring from a genetic cross
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First filial generation; offspring from a genetic cross
F1
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F2
Second filial generation of a genetic cross
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Second filial generation of a genetic cross
F2
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DIHYBRID CROSSES
Matings that involve parents that differ in two genes (two independent traits)
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Matings that involve parents that differ in two genes (two independent traits)
DIHYBRID CROSSES
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LAW OF DOMINANCE
In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation.
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In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation.
LAW OF DOMINANCE
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Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype.
LAW OF DOMINANCE
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LAW OF DOMINANCE
Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype.
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One allele masked another, one allele was dominant over the other in the F1 generation
LAW OF DOMINANCE
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LAW OF DOMINANCE
One allele masked another, one allele was dominant over the other in the F1 generation
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HOMOZYGOUS
having identical alleles (one from each parent) for a particular characteristic
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having identical alleles (one from each parent) for a particular characteristic
HOMOZYGOUS
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HETEROZYGOUS
having two different alleles for a particular characteristic
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having two different alleles for a particular characteristic
HETEROZYGOUS
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DOMINANCE
the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele
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the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele
DOMINANCE
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the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele
DOMINANCE
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DOMINANCE
the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele
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an allele that is masked by a dominant allele
RECESSIVE
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RECESSIVE
an allele that is masked by a dominant allele
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does not appear (not seen in the phenotype) in the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous.
RECESSIVE
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RECESSIVE
does not appear (not seen in the phenotype) in the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous.
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When gametes are formed, the pairs of hereditary factors (genes) become separated, so that each sex cell (egg/sperm) receives only one kind of gene.
LAW OF SEGREGATION
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LAW OF SEGREGATION
When gametes are formed, the pairs of hereditary factors (genes) become separated, so that each sex cell (egg/sperm) receives only one kind of gene.
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LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another.
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Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another.
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
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“Members of one gene pair segregate independently from other gene pairs during gamete formation”
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
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LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
“Members of one gene pair segregate independently from other gene pairs during gamete formation”
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TEST CROSS
Cross with a homozygous recessive individual
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TEST CROSS
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BACKCROSS
Crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents, in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent.
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Crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents, in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent.
BACKCROSS
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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
individuals with heterozygous alleles exhibit a phenotype intermediate between those with homozygous alleles
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individuals with heterozygous alleles exhibit a phenotype intermediate between those with homozygous alleles
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
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COMPLETE DOMINANCE
offspring always looked like one of their two parents (Mendel’s experiment)
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offspring always looked like one of their two parents (Mendel’s experiment)
COMPLETE DOMINANCE

FBS 172 Lec (7 decks)

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