Lecture 5B

Question 1

Gene Flow in Tropical Forests (6)

Answer 1

1. Pollen Distribution
2. Pollen Vectors
3. Pollen Transport in Tropical Forests
4. Pollen Vectors and Pollen Movement in Tropical Forests
5. Migration – Distribution of Genetic Information via Seeds
6. Genetic Consequences of Seed and Pollen Dispersal

Question 2

Distribution of Genetic Information
via Seeds

Answer 2

Migration

Question 3

Migration

Answer 3

Distribution of Genetic Information
via Seeds

Question 4

Transportation of genetic information

Answer 4

Gene flow

Question 5

Plants and female gametes:

Answer 5

immobile

Question 6

Male gametes (pollen); narrow sense
Seeds; migration

Answer 6

Mobile:

Question 7

Closely related to reproduction and mating (pollen flow) in plants

Answer 7

Gene flow

Question 8

Pollen Distribution (4)

Answer 8

Pollination
Autogamy
Allogamy
Xenogamy

Question 9

From stamen to stigma

Answer 9

Pollination

Question 10

Pollen tube growth

Answer 10

Pollination

Question 11

Fertilization of egg cell

Answer 11

Pollination

Question 12

no transport; Plants already receptive before flowers open

Answer 12

Autogamy

Question 13

transport necessary

Answer 13

Allogamy

Question 14

long distant transport of pollen

Question 15

Pollen Distribution:
Occurring in low densities and asynchronous
flowering plants

Answer 15

Xenogamy:

Question 16

Pollen Distribution:
Trees in tropics: dioecious, self-incompatible,
outcrossing

Answer 16

Xenogamy:

Question 17

Rare in evergreen moist forests (1-2%)

Answer 17

Pollen vectors 1: Wind (anemophily)

Question 18

More frequent in dry and semi-dry forests

Answer 18

Pollen vectors 1: Wind (anemophily)

Question 19

Gymnosperms (partially wind-pollinated)

Pinus spp., Podocarpus spp., Araucaria spp.,
Cycas (dioecious), Cecropia (pioneer
species)

Eucalyptus (wind/insect pollinated)

Answer 19

Pollen vectors 1: Wind (anemophily)

Question 20

Principally undirected

Answer 20

Pollen vectors 1: Wind (anemophily)

Question 21

Inefficient in species-rich forests

Answer 21

Pollen vectors 1: Wind (anemophily)

Question 22

Bats
Flying foxes
Non-flying mammals

Answer 22

Pollen vectors 2: Mammals
(zoophily)

Question 23

only few birds are
pollinators

Answer 23

Pollen vectors 3: Birds

Question 24

Flowers often big, red, no
strong smell

Answer 24

Pollen vectors 3: Birds

Question 25

Some bat/bird-pollinated flowers

Answer 25

Pollen vectors 3: Birds

Question 26

Efficiency depends on territories

Answer 26

Pollen vectors 3: Birds

Question 27

Pollen vectors 3: Birds (4)

Answer 27

only few birds are pollinators Flowers often big, red, no strong smell Some bat/bird-pollinated flowers Efficiency depends on territories

Question 28

Most species are insect-pollinated (entomogamous)

Answer 28

Pollen vectors 4: Bees and Wasps

Question 29

Hymenoptera are single most important pollinators in both Temperate/Tropical

Answer 29

Pollen vectors 4: Bees and Wasps

Question 30

Brightly coloured, nectar producing flowers

Answer 30

Butterflies

Question 31

Less efficient than bees

Answer 31

Butterflies

Question 32

Common for Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae, and Apocynaceae

Answer 32

Moths

Question 33

Mainly in lower stratum

Answer 33

Moths

Question 34

Pale colour, but strong smell (like bat flowers)

Answer 34

Moths

Question 35

Pollinators only in tropical forests

Answer 35

Pollen vectors 6: Flies and Beetles

Question 36

Flowers often unattractive smell, traps

Answer 36

Flies

Question 37

Rafflesia arnoldii Theobroma cacao

Answer 37

Flies

Question 38

Archetypal for angiosperms

Answer 38

Beetles

Question 39

Many “primitive” families (e.g. Annonaceae) but Arecaceae also (young family)

Answer 39

Beetles

Question 40

Unspecialized flowers, allows also other insects

Answer 40

Beetles

Question 41

Beetles destroy flowers often partially

Answer 41

Beetles

Question 42

Pollinating Agents Specific pollinators (2)

Answer 42

Fig-fig wasps Bat pollination

Question 43

(obligatory symbiosis; highly efficient)

Answer 43

Fig-fig wasps

Question 44

Pollinating Agents: Broad spectrum

Answer 44

1. e.g. beetles 2. Mabea fistulifera (Euphorbiaceae): bats & opossum (night) - birds, large bees (day) 3. Teak: more than 30 flower visiting insects

Question 45

(amount and distribution of genetic variation within and among populations)

Answer 45

genetic structure

Question 46

by seed and pollen largely shapes the genetic structure (amount and distribution of genetic variation within and among populations) of plant populations.

Answer 46

Gene flow

Question 47

is often strongly spatially restricted, making gene flow primarily dependent on pollen dispersal within and into populations.

Answer 47

Seed dispersal

Question 48

Crucial for reproduction/effective population sizes

Answer 48

Pollen and seed dispersal:

Question 49

The number of individuals that effectively participates in producing the next generation; considerably less than the census size. Evolutionary processes are greatly influenced by the size of populations.

Answer 49

Pollen and seed dispersal:

Question 50

Drives plant gene flow, plant population dynamics, and functional connectivity along landscapes, and affect key ecosystem functions

Answer 50

Migration through Seed Dispersal

Question 51

(continuously changing abundance of plants in space and time)

Answer 51

revegetation, recolonization, and population dynamics

Question 52

(the proportion of realized interactions from the pool of all possible interactions between the species of a network)

Answer 52

the connectance

Question 53

(species and genetic diversity), and it intimately depends on the scale of landscape structure of habitat.

Answer 53

connectivity of information

Question 54

Seed Vectors

Answer 54

Wind (anemochory): Water (hydrochory): Gravity (barochory): Animals (zoochory):

Question 55

Seed Vectors: most important! (Wings, hairs, light seeds)

Answer 55

Wind (anemochory):

Question 56

Seed Vectors: More important than wind pollination

Answer 56

Wind (anemochory):

Question 57

Seed Vectors: mangrove, river and peat forests

Answer 57

Water (hydrochory):

Question 58

Seed Vectors: large seeded; Typical for climax species

Answer 58

Gravity (barochory):

Question 59

Seed Vectors: Long distant transport by rare events

Answer 59

Gravity (barochory):

Question 60

Seed Vectors: Only by accidental dispersal by animals or humans!

Answer 60

Gravity (barochory):

Question 61

Seed Vectors: Mainly vertebrates: mammals, birds...

Answer 61

Animals (zoochory):

Question 62

seed dispersal via ingestion; Usually long distant transport

Answer 62

ENDOZOOCHOROUS

Question 63

E.g. Bertholletia excelsa, brazil nut

Answer 63

EXOZOOCHOROUS

Question 64

Migration through seed dispersal (continued):: Typical for climax species

Answer 64

Gravity (barochory)

Question 65

Migration through seed dispersal (continued):: Long distant transport by rare events

Answer 65

Gravity (barochory)

Question 66

Migration through seed dispersal (continued):: Corythophora alta: cpDNA shows founder effects

Answer 66

Gravity (barochory)

Question 67

Migration through seed dispersal (continued):: Teak, some dipterocarps

Answer 67

Gravity (barochory)