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Biology 203 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

matter is made up of:

A

elements

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2
Q

Element:

A

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances chemically

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3
Q

how many naturally occurring elements?

A

92

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4
Q

Compound-

A

a substance consisting of two or more

elements

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5
Q

how many of the 92 elements are essential to life?

A

About 20–25%

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6
Q

Atom’s chemical behaviour is determined by distribution of:

A

electrons in its electron shells

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7
Q

The periodic table of the elements shows the:

A

electron distribution

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8
Q

Valence electrons are:

A

those in outermost shell, or valence shell

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9
Q

Chemical behaviour of an atom is mostly determined by:

A

valence electrons

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10
Q

Elements with a full valence shell are

A

chemically inert

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11
Q

An example of ionic bond:

A

the transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine

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12
Q

A compound that finds itself with an unpaired electron, becomes a

A

free radical.

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13
Q

Free radicals cause:

A

damage to your cells

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14
Q

antioxidants have:

A

extra electrons that they can donate to free radicals

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15
Q

The lesser component in a solution is the:

A

solute

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16
Q

Blood is a solution composed of:

A

plasma and cells

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17
Q

Plasma is ≈

A

92% water

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18
Q

Electrons that are shared between 2 atoms in a chemical

bond:

A

are not always shared equally

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19
Q

The oxygen atom is

A

very selfish.

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20
Q

in a water molecule, the electrons shared between hydrogen and oxygen spend more time orbiting the

A

oxygen atom

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21
Q

polar molecules:

A

partial negative charge around the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge around the hydrogen atoms.

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22
Q

The solubility of a compound:

A

how easily it dissolves, that is, forms a solution, in a liquid solvent.

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23
Q

is starch soluble in water?

A

partially

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24
Q

Acids are substances that:

A

lose H+ when dissolved in water

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25
Bases are substances that:
remove and accept H+ when | dissolved in water.
26
Bases remove H+ from solutions by:
dropping OH-.
27
Bases accept H+ by
binding to H+.
28
Under normal conditions, the pH of your blood ranges from
7.35 to 7.45
29
With each whole number increase within the scale, the H+ | concentration:
decreases 10 times.
30
Catabolic reactions involve:
breaking down molecules
31
Anabolic reactions involve
synthesizing new compounds.
32
example of catabolism:
during digestion
33
example of anabolism:
after sports injury
34
Metabolism refers to
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells.
35
__________are crucial for chemical reactions:
enzymes
36
Most enzymes end in:
"ase"
37
Tissues are:
a collection of cells.
38
The tissue that we care most about in this course is the:
epithelial tissue.
39
4 types of tissue:
epithelial connective muscle neural
40
how many organs in body?
more than 40
41
how many organ systems in body?
11
42
collection of tissues that perform a | specific function:
organs
43
groups of organs that work together for similar purpose:
organ systems
44
Hollow tube from mouth to anus:
lumen
45
Transit time:
24 to 72 hours
46
Accessory organs:
gallbladder, pancreas, liver
47
The innermost lining of the digestive tract:
the mucosa
48
the physical and chemical breakdown of food into a form that allows nutrients to be absorbed:
digestion
49
the transfer of nutrients from the GI tract into the blood or lymph:
absorption
50
the process whereby solid waste is removed from the body:
elimination
51
Saliva from glands mixes with food and begins digestion of:
starch and fat
52
Saliva contains:
Enzymes that break down bacteria – Mucus to lubricate and hold food together – Salivary amylase breaks down starch – Lipase breaks down some fat – And enhances perception of flavor
53
Umami means:
savory
54
the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea:
the throat, or pharynx
55
The esophagus connects to:
the stomach
56
The trachea (windpipe) leads to
the lungs
57
what moves the bolus toward the stomach?
peristalsis
58
The trip from mouth to stomach takes:
less than 10 seconds
59
the first of several sphincters in the GI tract:
the gastroesophageal sphincter .
60
If food re-enters esophagus:
GERD
61
Mixed with stomach secretions food becomes
chyme
62
what prevent chyme from entering esophagus and regulate its entry into small intestine?
sphincters
63
what controls the rate that chyme is released into the small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
64
The small intestine has 3 sections:
``` Duodenum (shortest segment 25cm) Jejunum Ileum (longest segment) ```
65
Most digestion and absorption occurs in the:
small intestine
66
The small intestine works as a team with the:
gallbladder, liver and pancreas.
67
what does Liver do?
Processes and stores nutrients, produces cholesterol, makes bile
68
what does the Gallbladder do?
Releases bile into the duodenum when fatty foods are present
69
what does the Pancreas do?
Secrets enzymes that break down carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Also neutralizes HCl in chyme when it enters the duodenum.
70
Beginning from the heart, the blood flows through:
```  Arteries  Arterioles  Capillaries: this is where gas + nutrient exchange between blood and cells occurs. Venules Veins ```
71
The Lymphatic System Circulates:
Fat- Soluble Nutrients
72
The Cardiovascular System Circulates:
Nutrients and Gases
73
Primary role of large intestine is
absorption of water and minerals, and dehydration of chyme before it is expelled
74
Functions of Large Intestine:
Housing of bacteria (microbiota)

Biology 203 (9 decks)

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