Vitamins Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
A deficiency disease caused by the absence of vitamin C in the diet:
A
scurvy
2
Q
Ascorbic acid –literally means:
A
without-scurvy acid
3
Q
fat-soluble vitamins:
A
A, D, E, K
4
Q
What is a vitamin?
A
A complex organic compound,
5
Q
Vitamins, are not a source of
A
energy
6
Q
vitamin precursors that do not function in the body until converted to active forms:
A
Provitamins
7
Q
precursor to vitamin A:
A
Beta-carotene
8
Q
precursor to niacin:
A
Tryptophan (amino acid)
9
Q
vitamins are found in food that are usable my the body –without chemical transformation:
A
Preformed
10
Q
Most vitamin absorption occurs in:
A
small intestine
11
Q
water-soluble vitamins:
A
B and C
12
Q
preformed vitamin A:
A
Retinol
13
Q
the most active
form of the vitamin in the body;
A
retinol
14
Q
Retinol and the other forms of vitamin A are only in:
A
animal foods
15
Q
yellow-orange pigments:
A
carotenoids.
16
Q
One such carotenoid is:
A
beta-carotene.
17
Q
The body can use beta-carotene to make:
A
retinol
18
Q
Vitamin A is crucial for production and maintenance of:
A
epithelial cells
19
Q
Epithelial cells secrete:
A
mucus
20
Q
xerophthalmia:
A
–permanent blindness
21
Q
Keratinization:
A
hard, scaly/bumpy skin
22
Q
Half a million children go blind each year because of:
A
vitamin A deficiency.
23
Q
Green, leafy vegetables, (eg spinach and kale) have high concentrations of:
A
lutein and zeaxanthin.
24
Q
Tomato juice and other tomato products contain considerable amounts of:
A
lycopene.
25
Although lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene are carotenoids, the body does not:
convert them to vitamin A
26
Leading cause of blindness in elderly:
macular degeneration
27
Vitamin A is stored in the:
liver
28
Excess vitamin A is a:
teratogen
29
Adequate Vitamine D ensures:
strong bones
30
Vitamin D works with ______ to signal bones to release calcium:
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
31
PTH stimulates the kidneys to increase:
vitamin D production
32
PTH stimulates the kidneys to decrease:
the elimination of calcium in urine
33
active form of vitamin D:
Calcitriol
34
a major concern in developing countries:
rickets
35
breast milk contains insufficient amounts of vitamin D to prevent:
rickets
36
The adult form of rickets:
osteomalacia.
37
Excess vitamin D can cause the small intestine to:
absorbs too much calcium from foods.
38
how many forms of vitamin E?
8
39
alpha-tocopherol:
most active form of vitamin E
40
Vitamin E easily destroyed by:
cooking
41
major fat-soluble antioxidant
| found in cells:
Vitamin E
42
– It donates an electron to free radicals:
Vitamin E
43
this vitamin protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from being damaged by radicals:
Vitamin E
44
substance that removes electrons from atoms or molecules:
oxidant (oxidizing agent)
45
An oxidation reaction can form a :
free radical
46
Vitamin E is also added to food to prevent:
oxidation
47
Vitamin E protects LDLs from being oxidized thus lowering risk of:
CVD
48
Vitamin K is important in:
Coagulation (Koagulation)
49
Important for the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in the blood:
Vitamin K
50
Without it, you could bleed to death from a minor cut.
Vitamin K
51
About 10% of our vitamin K is synthesised by:
the bacteria living in our large intestine.
52
infants have a sterile intestine, therefore they could:
Bleed to death
53
Infants are given:
a single dose of Vitamin K at birth
54
In the stomach, vitamins are released from:
protein complexes in food.
55
The vitamins are absorbed by the small intestine
| and delivered to the liver via the:
portal vein
56
Liver keeps/stores:
B12
57
Excess water-soluble vitamins are eliminated through the:
kidneys in the urine
58
to understand the water soluble B-vitamins we need to understand:
coenzymes
59
the chemical reactions that involve the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids require:
B-vitamins.
60
B-vitamins work as
co-enzymes
61
Most water soluble vitamins are sensitive to:
heat
62
Most water soluble vitamins have numerous:
functions
63
Thiamin (B1) Major Functions in the Body:
– A coenzyme needed for macronutrient metabolism:
64
The thiamin-deficiency disease is called:
BeriBeri
65
Thiamin deficiency can also occur from:
alcoholism
66
Wernicke-Korsakoff:
alcohol interferes with thiamin absorption
67
Riboflavin (B2) • Major Functions in the Body:
– A coenzyme needed for macronutrient metabolism:
68
Exposure to light causes Riboflavin to:
break
| down rapidly.
69
Riboflavin-rich foods, (e.g. milk) should not be packaged or stored in:
clear glass containers
70
30 minutes of UV light will destroy:
30% of riboflavin
71
What happens if riboflavin is missing from the diet?
– Fatigued easily. – Inflamed tongue, sores on the edges of the lips – But deficiency is very rare.
72
Niacin (B3) Major Functions in the Body:
participate in at least 200 reactions, including those involved in the release of energy from macronutrients!
73
We can produce some small amounts of niacin using:
The amino acid is tryptophan
74
What happens if niacin is missing from the diet?
– Pellagra disease
75
– Pellagra disease:
1. Dementia
2. Dermatitis
3. Diarrhea
4. Death
76
prison inmates fed a low protein diet developed:
Pellagra
77
Is niacin found in corn?
YES
78
The niacin content in corn is high, but is tightly bound to:
a protein that resists digestion.
79
people who eat corn as their staple food are prone to develop:
pellagra.
80
Vitamin B-6 is essential for:
amino acid metabolism
81
Without vitamin B-6, all amino acids become :
essential.
82
what is important for conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to niacin?
Vitamin B6
83
What is Required for synthesis of the heme in hemoglobin?
Vitamin B6
84
What is required for the Conversion of toxic homocysteine, to cysteine?
Vitamin B6
85
Without heme, hemoglobin cannot carry:
02
86
If vitamin B-6 is unavailable for heme synthesis, what develops?
anemia
87
megadoses of vitamin B-6 are:
toxic
88
In the body, cells convert all forms of folate to :
folate- coenzymes .
89
folate-containing coenzymes are needed to:
synthesize DNA
90
when to we have rampant DNA synthesis?
– During embryonic development.
91
The two neural tube defects are:
Spina bifida
Anencephaly
92
ALL wheat flour is fortified with:
folic acid
93
abnormal RBCs called:
megaloblasts
94
characterized by large, immature RBCs.:
Megaloblastic anemia
95
Vitamin B-12 maintain:
the myelin sheaths that insulate parts of certain nerve cells.
96
The natural vitamin B-12 in food is bound to:
proteins that prevent its absorption.
97
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach release:
B-12 from the protein
98
Where is Vitamin B12 absorbed?
in the ileum
99
A healthy liver has enough vitamin B-12 reserves to last:
up to 5 years.
100
We rely almost entirely on animal foods to supply:
B-12
101
B-12 deficiency:
• Pernicious Anemia
102
Functions of Vitamin C
Collagen Synthesis
103
fibrousproteinthatgivesstrengthtoconnectivetissue
Collagen
104
the water-soluble antioxidant
Vitamin C
105
Vitamin C also may donate electrons to another antioxidant—
vitamin E
