Lecture 2 Block 3

Question 1

what is hypocortisolism

Answer 1

hypersensitivity of anterior pituitary to cortisol feedback inhibition. it lowers the set-point for cortisol level

Question 2

what are the effects of hypocortisolism

Answer 2

increased sympathy-adreno-medullary system and increased immune system/cytokines

Question 3

what are the effects of epinephrine and glucocorticoids shortly before or after training and several hours after training

Answer 3

shortly after- enhances consolidation and long term retention of emotional memory
several hours after- no effects on memory encoding and retrieval

Question 4

what can impair memory consolidation

Answer 4

antagonists of adrenoreceptors or adrenal steroids

Question 5

what carries sensory information in the spinal cord

Answer 5

dorsal root neurons

Question 6

where are cell bodies of afferent neurons located in the spinal cord

Answer 6

in dorsal root ganglia

Question 7

what carries information from the CNS to muscles and glands

Answer 7

ventral roots

Question 8

what do autonomic ganglia contain

Answer 8

cell bodies of post-ganglionic autonomic neurons

Question 9

what are the two types of nerve tissue

Answer 9

grey and white

Question 10

describe the gray matter

Answer 10

• unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
• clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are nuclei
• dendrites
• axon terminals

Question 11

describe white matter

Answer 11

• myelinated axons
• axon bundles connecting CNS regions are tracts
• contain few cell bodies

Question 12

where do afferent somatic neurons connect with interneurons in gray matter

Answer 12

in dorsal horns

Question 13

where do afferent visceral neurons connect with interneurons in gray matter

Answer 13

in dorsal horns

Question 14

what do ventral horns contain in gray matter

Answer 14

cell bodies of motor neurons

Question 15

what do lateral horns contain in gray matter

Answer 15

cell bodies of preganglionic autonomic neurons

Question 16

what does the brain stem connect

Answer 16

the forebrain and cerebellum

Question 17

what does the midbrain connect to

Answer 17

forebrain

Question 18

what does the pons connect to

Answer 18

cerebellum

Question 19

what does the medulla oblongata connect to

Answer 19

spinal cord

Question 20

what are many brainstem nuclei associated with

Answer 20

reticular formation

Question 21

what does reticular formation control

Answer 21

wakefulness, sleep, muscle tone, pain modulation

Question 22

what are the 3 columns of the reticular formation

Answer 22

raphe nuclei (median), gigantocellular reticular nuclei (medial zone), and parvocellular reticular nuclei (lateral zone)

Question 23

what are the functions of reticular formation

Answer 23

1. somatic motor control
2. cardiovascular control
3. coordinates breathing
4. modulates pain
5. modulates brain state

Question 24

what are neuromodultors

Answer 24

a special type of NT that are not removed from synaptic cleft quickly and can diffuse a long distance to influence more than one neuron for a sustained period of time

Question 25

what is the function, origination of neurons, and termination of neurons for norepinephrine

Answer 25

function: attention, arousal, sleep-wake cycles, learning, memory, anxiety, pain and mood neurons originate: locus coeruleus of pons neurons terminate: cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, cerebellum, midbrain, spinal cord

Question 26

what is the function, origination of neurons, and termination of neurons for serotonergic

Answer 26

function: lower nuclei- pain, locomotion upper nuclei- sleep wake cycle, mood and emotional behaviors such as aggression and depression neurons originate: raphe nuclei, along brain stem midline neurons terminate: lower nuclei: project to spinal cord upper nuclei: project to most of the brain

Question 27

what is the function, origination of neurons, and termination of neurons for dopaminergic

Answer 27

function: motor control, reward centers linked to addictive behaviors neurons originate: substance nigra in midbrain, ventral tegmentum in midbrain neurons terminate: cortex, and parts of limbic system

Question 28

what is the function, origination of neurons, and termination of neurons for cholinergic

Answer 28

functions: sleep wake cycles, arousal, learning, memory, sensory information passing through thalamus neurons originate: base of cerebrum; pons and midbrain neurons terminate: cerebrum, hippocampus and thalamus

Question 29

what are the parts of the diencephalon

Answer 29

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland

Question 30

what does the thalamus do

Answer 30

relays information to the cortex and integration of sensory input

Question 31

what does the hypothalamus do

Answer 31

control of homeostasis, hunger, thirst, endocrine and autonomic functions

Question 32

what is the function of basal ganglia

Answer 32

control of movement

Question 33

what does the limbic system do

Answer 33

link between cognitive functions and emotions

Question 34

what do the amygdala and cingulate cortex regulate

Answer 34

emotion and memory

Question 35

what does the hippocampus regulate

Answer 35

learning and memory

Question 36

what do sensory areas in the cortex do

Answer 36

sensory input translated into perception

Question 37

what do motor areas do

Answer 37

direct skeletal muscle movement

Question 38

what do association areas do

Answer 38

integrate information from sensory and motor areas

Question 39

what does the ventral medial prefrontal cortex overlap with

Answer 39

anterior cingulate gyrus

Question 40

what are the 5 types of glial cells

Answer 40

astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

Question 41

what do ependymal cells do

Answer 41

line cavaties

Question 42

what do oligodendrocytes do

Answer 42

form myelin in CNS

Question 43

what do Schwann cells do

Answer 43

form myelin in PNS

Question 44

what do astrocytes do

Answer 44

- form connections between nervous and non nervous tissue - modulate synaptic activity - communicate to neurons through chemical messengers - remove NT from synaptic cleft; maintain normal electrolyte composition of ISF in CNS - protect neurons against toxic substances and oxidative stress - glycogen synthesis - blood brain barrier

Question 45

what doe microglia do

Answer 45

- function with astrocytes to protect neurons from toxic substances - protect the CNS from foreign matter through phagocytosis, learning out bacteria or dead/injured cells - secrete cytokines to modulate brain functions - protect the CNS from oxidative stress

Question 46

what are some diseases caused by degenerative glial cells

Answer 46

- MS - Alzheimers - parkinsons

Question 47

what does the brain use at rest

Answer 47

20% O2 consumed by body and 50% of glucose consumed by body

Question 48

what type of glycolysis do neurons depend on

Answer 48

aerobic

Question 49

what is a stroke caused by

Answer 49

decreased blood supply

Question 50

what are capillaries used for

Answer 50

a thin single layer of endothelial cells site of exchange between blood and ISF

Question 51

what is the blood brain barrier

Answer 51

special anatomy consisting of CNS capillaries that limit exchange

Question 52

what are circumventricular organs

Answer 52

midline structures bordering the 3rd and 4th ventricles that are characterized by their extensive vasculature and lack of a normal blood brain barrier

Question 53

what are the sensory organs in CVOs

Answer 53

area postrema, subfornical organ, vascular organ of lamina terminalis

Question 54

what are the secretory organs in CVOs

Answer 54

subcomissural organ, posterior pituitary, pineal gland, median eminence, and intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland