lecture 2: intro to pathophysiology Flashcards
Physiology definition
Biological discipline that describes processes or mechanisms operating within an organism
Pathology definition
Medical discipline that describes conditions typically observed during disease/damaged state
-abnormal or undesired condition
Pathophysiology defintion
Convergence of pathology with physiology
-seeks to explain functional changes occurring within individual due to a disease or pathological state
What underpins the diagnosis and treatment of a disease
Pathophysiolgy
What factors make up a diagnosis
-symptoms
-presentation
-signs
-syndrome
-specific tests
-disease
Primordial prevention
Alter societal structures and thereby underlying determinants
Primary prevention
Alter exposures that lead to disease
Secondary prevention
Detective and treat pathological process at an earlier stage when treatment can be more effective
Tertiary prevention
Prevents relapses and further deterioration via follow-up care and rehabilitation
What’s the etiological phase
-social and environmental determinants
-risk and protective factors
Idiopathic defintion
Relating to any disease which arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown
Iatrogenic
Relating to illness caused by medical treatment
Nosocomical
Disease originating in a hospital (MRSA)
Multifactorial
Involving or dependent on a number of factors, especially genetic or environmental factors
Pathogenesis
Development of disease, from initial stimulus to manifestation of disease
Pneumonia treatment
Steroids, anti-virals, pure oxygen
Causes of cell stress/damage
-physical (heat or radiation)
-metabolic (lack of oxygen/glucose)
-chemical agents
-microbial agents
-immunogenicity agents
-genetic factors
Hypoxia ischemic brain injury
-demyelination
-endothelial degradation
-lactic acidosis
-mitochondrial atrophy
-clotting
Neutrophil cytotoxicity
Collateral damage caused by: neutrophil extracellular traps- autoimmune amplification
-Release of:
1. Toxic granules (proteases-eat cells)
2. ROS (cell bleach)
-pyroptosis
Kidney nephropathy
AA causes cell cycle arrest in kidney cells via microRNA/ROS
Liver cancer
Metabolites of AA directly cause DNA mutations
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells in response to a stimulus e.g. hyperplasia caused by HPV
Hypertrophy
Increased size of cells, that results in an increase in size of affected organ e.g. high BP causing heart hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Atrophy
Decrease in size of an organ due to a decrease in cell size/number e.g. muscle atrophy in starvation
