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human physiology > lecture 9 and 10: endocrine system > Flashcards

lecture 9 and 10: endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus, ovary/testicle, thyroid and parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, placenta

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2
Q

how many hormones and how many glands

A

20 hormones and 8 glands

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3
Q

what processes do hormones control

A

-electrolyte, water and nutrient balance in blood
-cellular metabolism
-energy balance
-reproduction
-defence

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4
Q

hormone effects

A

-changes in permeability
-protein synthesis
-enzyme activation
-mitosis
-promote secretory activation

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of hormones

A

AA based
steriods
eicosanoids

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6
Q

AA based hormones

A

most hormones belong to this class
-peptide (insulin and glucagon)
-amines (epinephrine)
-thyroxine

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7
Q

steroids

A

gonadal and adrenocortical hormones
e.g. cortisol

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8
Q

eicosanoids

A

leukotrines and prostaglandins

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of cell signalling

A

endocrine (through bloodstream)
paracrine (signal cell to target cell)
autocrine (signal cell to target cell)

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10
Q

what 2 mechanisms do hormones use to alter target cell activity

A
  1. 2nd messengers (regulatory G proteins + AA based hormones)
  2. direct gene activation (steroid hormones)
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11
Q

what’s the 1st and 2nd messanger

A

1st= hormone
2nd= cAMP

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12
Q

what’s the process of the 2nd messanger model

A
  1. hormone attatches to receptor
  2. inactive G protein activated (GTP converted to GDP)
  3. ATP converted to cAMP via adenylate cyclase
  4. cAMP converts inactive protein kinase to active
  5. triggers response of target cell (activates enzymes, stimulates cellular secretion etc.)
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13
Q

what type of hormone used for the 2nd messanger system

A

AA based

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14
Q

what type of hormone used for direct gene activation

A

steroid

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15
Q

what’s the 3 mechanisms of hormone action

A

hormonal
humoral
neural

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16
Q

hormonal mechanism

A

hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

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17
Q

humoral mechanism

A

capillary blood contains low conc of ca2+ which stimulates secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by parathyroid glands

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18
Q

neural mechanism

A

preganglionic SNS fibers stimulates adrenal medulla cells to secrete catecholamines

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19
Q

why do endocrine glands release hormones

A

feedback systems, trigger stimuli, homeostatic control

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20
Q

what happens if ca2+ levels too high

A

-thyroid releases calcitonin
-increase ca2+ deposition in bones
-decrease ca2+ uptake in intestines
-decrease ca2+ reabsorption from urine
-calcium levels fall (homeostasis)

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21
Q

what happens if ca2+ levels too low

A

-parathyroid releases PTH
-increase ca2+ release from bones
-increases ca2+ uptake in intestinws
-increase ca2+reabsorption from urine
-calcium levels rise (homeostasis)

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22
Q

what happens to collecting duct when ADH present

A

highly permeable to water

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23
Q

why might the same hormone have different effects on target cells

A

different
-receptors
-signal transduction pathways
-proteins for carrying out the response

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24
Q

acromegaly

A

too much growth hormones (GH) in adulthood

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25
GH deficiency
too little GH in childhood
26
Cushing's syndrome
high cortisol levels (naturally or steroid use)
27
diabetes insipidus
too much ADH produced
28
hashimoto's thyroiditis
AB attack thyroid (hormones released by thyroid affected)
29
PCOS
hormonal imbalance
30
hypogonadism
reduced production of reproductive hormones
31
where is the hypothalamus located
part of diencephalon between the 2 cerebral hemispheres
32
what does the hypothalamus do
-links nervous and endocrine system -regulates metabolic processes -produces hormones
33
hormones produced by hypothalamus
- TRH - CRH - GnRH - ADH - oxytocin - dopamine - somatostatin
34
hypothalamic disorders
- genetic conditions (kallmann syndrome, prader willi syndrome) - hypothalamic obesity - diabetes insipidus - SIADH
35
posterior pituitary gland
-Hypothalamic neurons synthesise oxytocin and ADH -Oxytocin and ADH transported along hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to posterior pituitary -Oxytocin and ADH are stored in axon terminals in the posterior pituitary and released into blood when hypothalamic neurons fire
36
anterior pituitary gland
-When appropriately stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into primary capillary plexus -Hypothalamic hormones travel through portal veins to anterior pituitary where they stimulate/inhibit release of hormones from anterior pituitary -Anterior pituitary hormones secreted into secondary capillary plexus
37
adrenals
-Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone and corticosterone) -Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) -Androgens (estrogens and testosterone) -Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) -Peptides (somatostatin and substance P)
38
short term stress response
-glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose -increased BP -increased breathing rate -increased metabolic rate -change in blood-flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity
39
long term stress response
-Mineralocorticoids a) retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys b) increased blood volume and BP -Glucocorticoids a) proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose b) immune system may be suppressed
40
what is HPA axis
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (stress response)
41
what does low blood sugar promote
glucagon release
42
what does glucagon do
stimulate glycogen breakdown
43
what does high blood sugar promote
insulin release
44
what does insulin do
stimulates glucose uptake from blood and glycogen formation
45
regulation of plasma glucose levels
-glucose can't enter cell in absence of insulin -insulin signals the cell to insert GLUT 4 transporters into membrane, allowing glucose to enter cell
46
hyperglycaemia
chronic disease characterised by raised blood glucose levels
47
how does diabetes affect the pancreas
unable to produce or respond to insulin resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbs and elevated blood glucose
48
type 1 is also known as
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (juvenile or childhood) - beta cells can't produce insulin
49
type 2 is also known as
non-insulin dependent diabetes (adult-onset) -insulin resistance
50
global prevelance of diabetes
537M (1 in 10)
51
UK prevelance of diabetes
5.6M (1 in 15)
52
diabetes symptoms
polyuria polydipsia fatigue
53
signs of diabetes
hyperglycemia diabetes ketoacidosis
54
tests for diagnosing diabetes
- fasting blood glucose (FBG) - random blood glucose (RBG) - oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
55
causes of type 1
-genetic markers -absence of AB -seasonality
56
causes of type 2
-weight -exercise -smoking -epigentics -gestantional diabetes -alc -genetic predisposition -gene environment interaction
57
who is at high risk of developing type 2
those with metabolic syndrome
58
metabolic syndrome
- high bmi - high triglycerides - high LDLs - low HDLs - hypertension - disrupted glycaemia
59
diabeted associated complications
Microvascular complications -Retinopathy-eyes -Nephropathy-kidneys -Neuropathy-nerves Macrovascular complications -Cardiovascular disease-heart -Cerebrovascular disease-brain
60
retinopathy
high blood glucose levels damage the back of the eye (retina) STAGES: -background -pre-proliferative -proliferative
61
nephropathy
high blood glucose levels damage small blood vessels and tiny filters in kidneys
62
nephropathy symptoms
-swollen ankles feet and hands -blood in urine -tiredness -shortness of breath -nausea
63
neuropathy
high blood glucose levels damage small blood vessles that supply nerves, stopping nutrients reaching them, nerve fibres become damaged and dissapear
64
types of neuropathy
-diabetic peripheral neuropathy -diabetic sensory neuropathy -diabetic autonomic neuropathy -diabetic motor neuropathy
65
cardiovascular disease
-high BG damages blood vessels of heart -gluocse stick to RBC and build up in blood
66
cardiovascular disease risk factors
-smoking -obesity -high BhA1c, BP, cholesterol
67
cerebrovascular disease
most common is stroke -atherosclerosis is main contributing factor -plaque can restrict blood flow, oxygen and nutrients to heart
68
short term effects of gestational diabetes
pre(eclampsia), stillbirth, miscarriage, neonatal morbidity
69
long term effects of gestational diabetes
childhood obesity, type 2 diabtes, CVD in mum and child

human physiology (11 decks)

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