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human physiology > lecture 5 and 6: cardiovascular system > Flashcards

lecture 5 and 6: cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

how many times does the heart beat per day and how many L of blood pumped in 24 hours

A

100,000 times and 7000L

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2
Q

aortic valve

A

left ventricle to aorta

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3
Q

mitral valve

A

left atria to left ventricle

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4
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right atria to right ventricle

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5
Q

pulmonary valve

A

right ventricle to pulmonary artery

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6
Q

heart wall

A

3 tissue layers and thin protective coating (pericardium)

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7
Q

endocardium

A

thin layer of tissue that lines the heart’s chambers and valves

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8
Q

myocardium

A

involuntary striated muscle that makes up the bulk of the heart

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9
Q

epicardium

A

outer layer consisting of mesothelial cells

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10
Q

pericardium

A

thin fibrous sheath that encloses the whole hear; contains interstitial fluid acting as a lubricant

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11
Q

what is each HB split into

A

diastole and systole

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12
Q

diastole

A

atria and ventricles relax and fill with blood

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13
Q

systole

A

atria contract (atrial systole) and push blood into the ventricles; as the atria relax, ventricles contract (ventricular systole) and pump blood out of the heart

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14
Q

what is the hearts activity coordinated by

A

electrical impulses

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15
Q

direction of electrical impulses

A

SAN (pacemaker), AVM (gate), right and left bundle branches, Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers, blood into aorta and pulmonary artery

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16
Q

what happens to veins as they get closer to the heart

A

increase in size

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17
Q

what do capillaries connect

A

smallest arteries (arterioles) to smallest veins (venules)

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18
Q

what’s the BP in the aorta following systole and diastole

A

120mmHg, 80mmHg

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19
Q

why is arterial blood flow maintained during diastole

A

due to elastic recoil in the arteries

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20
Q

what’s pulmonary artery pressure

A

20/15 mmHg - pulmonary circulation is shorter than systemic

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21
Q

what’s arteriole BP

A

65mmHg and where they join the capillaries has further reduced to 25

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22
Q

what’s BP on the venous side of capillaries

A

15mmHg

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23
Q

what’s BP in the large vena cava

A

close to 0mmHg (CVP)

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24
Q

where is the hearts rich blood supply derived from

A

the left and right coronary arteries arising from the aortic sinus

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25
how is blood returned to the right atrium
via the coronary sinus
26
what is the left ventricle mostly supplied by
left coronary artery- so occlusion in coronary heart disease can lead to serious damage
27
what happens when the ventricles contract during systole
compresses coronary arteries and suppresses blood flow- thus more than 85% of left ventricular perfusion occurs during diastole
28
what does the SA node do
maintains sinus rhythm and spontaneously generates AP's which transfer to myocytes
29
autorhythmic cells
rhythmic contractions of the heart are maintained by electrical signals generated in the heart itself
30
interatrial pathway
extends from SA node withing RA to LA
31
internodal pathway
extends from SA node to AV node (only point of electrical contact between atria and ventricles
32
how long is AV nodal delay
100msc, allowing time for complete ventricular filling
33
AP spread in ventricles
impulse travels rapidly down septum via right and left branches of Bundle of His and throughout ventricles via Purkinje fibers
34
why do the ventricles need fast transmitting fibers
ventricular mass much larger than that of atria
35
how long does it take for impulses to be transmitted through the entire Purkinje fiber system
30msec
36
the specialized non-contractile cells capable of auto-rhythmicity are
-SA node (right atrial wall) -AV node (base of atrium near the septum) -Bundle of His (originates at AV node and enters interventricular septum) -Purkinje fibers (small terminal fibers)
37
what happens if auto-rhythmicity cells fail
the next fastest auto-rhythmic cells take over
38
ECG
non invasive technique for monitoring electrical activity of the heart
39
what info can be obtained from an ECG
-HR -myocardium health -site of abnormal pacemaker activity -conduction disorders -arrhythmia -heart block -myocardial ischaemia/ infection
40
main abnormalities observed in ECG
1. abnormalities in rate 2. abnormalities in rhythm 3. conduction abnormalities 4. cardiac myopathies
41
abnormalities in rate
e.g. tachycardia - distance between QRS complexes
42
abnormalities in rhythm
-refers to the regularity of spacing of ECG waves ATRIAL FLUTTER- regular but often rapid atrial depolarization ATRIAL FIBRILLATION- irregular and rapid atrial depolarization
43
conduction abnormalities
changes in conduction throughout the heart
44
heart (AV) block
defects in conducting system such that atria beat normally but ventricles fail to be stimulated
45
bundle branch block
delay or blockage in left or right bundle branch conduction
46
cardiac myopathies (include ischaemic changes)
damage to heart muscle- includes MI
47
what can myocardial ischaemia lead to
necrosis and abnormal QRS complexes may be observed
48
what happens when myocytes die
release cellular components which can be detected in blood (troponin, creatine kinase)
49
what is BP
force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of the arteries
50
systolic pressure
pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts, pumping blood into the circulatory system (120mmHg)
51
diastolic pressure
pressure in arteries when the heart is at rest between beats (80mmHg)
52
MAP (mean arterial pressure)
cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
53
cardiac output
HR x SV
54
stroke volume
contractility and size of vascular compartment
55
total peripheral resistance
dependent on ability of arterioles to dilate and constrict
56
factors influencing BP
CARDIAC- HR and contractility NEURAL- sympathetic and parasympathetic BLOOD VOL- sodium, water ENDOCRINE- ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide), renin, angiotensin, ADH, aldosterone, insulin, vitamin D
57
short term BP regulation
baroreceptor reflex in high pressure zones seconds to mins
58
long term BP regulation
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) long term adjustment of arterial pressure hours to years
59
long term BP: low pressure system
baroreceptor reflex in low pressure zones e.g. atria -detects fullness of the system -detects elevated central venous pressure and respond to reduce blood volume and BP
60
hypertension
adaptation of baroreceptors -adapt, or are 'reset' to operate at higher level in individuals with chronically elevated BP -still function to regulate BP, but at a higher mean pressure
61
complications of hypertension
HEART- increased workload as pumping against greater resistance- LV hypertrophy and heart failure BLOOD VESSELS- pressure damage HT is symptomless until complications occur
62
treatment of HT
- low salt, lose weight, exercise, limit alcohol, stop smoking -high fruit, veg and dairy (K+ present relaxes arterioles), drugs
63
pathophysiology of hypertension
CARDIAC: increased HR and contractility NEURAL: overactive SNS BLOOD VOL: increased sodium and water ENDOCRINE: RAAS activation; increased insulin, decreased vit D

human physiology (11 decks)

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