Lecture #20: Macromolecules

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

The ability to do work

Question 2

Potential energy

Answer 2

energy that matter has because of its position

- electrons moved to outer levels have greater potential energy

Question 3

Energy levels

Answer 3

1st level - 2 e-
2nd level - 8 e-

Question 4

Oxygen

Answer 4

8 e-
2 e- (first level)
6 e- (second level)
“wants 2 e-“

Question 5

Hydrogen

Answer 5

1 e- (1st level)

Question 6

Non-polar Covalent bonds

Answer 6

Equal sharing of e- within molecule

O2, most lipids (fats)
- nonpolar —> hydrophobic

Question 7

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 7

Weaker than covalent (works at a distance)

1. between polar molecules
2. between sections of large molecules

Question 8

Ionic bonds

Answer 8

NaCl

Question 9

Water

Answer 9

Polar

cohesive, adhesive, good solvent, high heat capacity (storage)

Question 10

Cohesive

Answer 10

sticks to itself (bc of hydrogen bonds)

Question 11

Adhesive

Answer 11

Sticks to other polar molecules

Question 12

Good solvent

Answer 12

for polar molecules, molecules w/ ionic bonds

Question 13

High heat capacity

Answer 13

heats up and cools down slowly

Becomes denser as it cools down to 4C, but expands as it cools down

solid form is less dense than liquid form (ice floats on top)
Disassociate into ions (H2O –> H+ + OH-)

Question 14

Ph

Answer 14

-log [H+ concentration]

Question 15

pOH

Answer 15

-log [OH- concentration]

Question 16

pH < 7

Answer 16

acidic (excess of H+ ion)

Question 17

pH> 7

Answer 17

alkaline (or basic) (excess of OH- ion)

Question 18

pH = 4

Answer 18

10x the H+ concentration of pH = 5

Question 19

pH = 6

Answer 19

100x (10 * 10) the H+ concentration of pH 4

as you go up the scale, H+ concentration increases by 10

Question 20

pH + pOH

Answer 20

pH + pOH = 14

Question 21

what is ph of blood?

Answer 21

pH = 7.35 - 7.45

Question 22

Buffer system in blood

Answer 22

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) –> HCO3- (bicarbonate) + H+

add CO2, system moves to the left

Question 23

Polymers

Answer 23

Link subunits to form large molecules

Question 24

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 24

Glucose + fructose + energy —-> Sucrose

endergonic process

Question 25

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Answer 25

Sucrose + H2O ---> Glucose + frutose + energy - Breaking molecule with the addition of water | Exergonic process

Question 26

# What are the 3 chains of polysaccharides? Polysaccharide chains

Answer 26

1. Straight chain 2. Branched chain 3. Parallel chain | monosaccharide - 1 chain ## Footnote Disaccharide - 2 chain

Question 27

Straight chain

Answer 27

plant starch

Question 28

Branched chain

Answer 28

Glycogen (storage molecule)

Question 29

Parallel chain

Answer 29

cellulose

Question 30

# Lipids Saturated fats

Answer 30

maximum number of H+ bonds | Solid at room temp, sticky fatty acid chains, worse in diet ## Footnote - Glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid chains - No C-C double bond in fatty acid chain

Question 31

# Lipids Unsaturated fats (Oils)

Answer 31

DOES NOT have max number of H+ bonds | Bent fatty acid chain, liquid at room temp (oils), better in diet ## Footnote Cis and trans unsaturated fats C=C (double bond) in fatty acid chain

Question 32

Amino acids

Answer 32

NH2 - amine group COOH - carboxyl group R group - functional group (different for every amino acid)

Question 33

# What are the 4 levels of Protein structure? 4 levels of protein structure

Answer 33

1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quinterinary | proteins fold based on hydrophobic and hydrophilic bonds ## Footnote hydrophobic lines up in middle

Question 34

# What is primary protein structure? Primary

Answer 34

order of amino acids (amino acid sequence)

Question 35

# What is secondary protein structure? Secondary

Answer 35

local folding (substructure) (H bonds)

Question 36

# What is tertiary orotein structure? Tertiary

Answer 36

Regional folding (H bonds) (3-D structure)

Question 37

# What is quinterinary structure? Quinterinary

Answer 37

Joining multiple polypeptides

Question 38

# What is a polypeptide? Polypeptide

Answer 38

String of amino acids | EX: Hemoglobin - 2 alpha polypeptides + 2 beta polypeptides

Question 39

# What is denaturation? Denaturation

Answer 39

Unfolding of protein

Question 40

# What is a chaperone protein? Chaperone protein

Answer 40

fixes misfolded proteins