Lecture 21: Growing Up With Social Media

Question 1

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 1

• Sensorimotor (birth-24 mo)
• Pre-operational (2-7 yrs)
• Concrete operational (7-11 yrs)
• Formal operational (11+ yrs)
• Developmental view of children’s relationships with media
  
  • Increasing complexity
  • Increasing cognitive construction

Question 2

Sensorimotor

Answer 2

• birth-24 mo
• Knowledge acquisition through sensory experiences and manipulating objects.
• Object permanence: object still exists

Question 3

Pre-operational

Answer 3

• 2-7 years
• Pretend play, struggle with logic, egocentricism
• Have difficulty understanding difference between pretend & reality
• You have to make message explicit.
• You have to build charac. in a way that child identifies with it- personal relationship).
• Learn from educational media

Question 4

Concrete-operational

Answer 4

• 7-11 years
• Kids struggle with abstract & hypothetical concepts
• Less egocentrical, more logical

Question 5

formal operational

Answer 5

• 11+ years
• Increase in logic
• Can use deductive reasoning
• Can understand abstract ideas.

Question 6

Spark & Cantor: Age Related Patterns of Recognizing Transform.

Answer 6

• Survey reported 40% of parents mentioned Hulk upset child

Question 7

Hoffner & Cantor: Dev. Psych Study 1985

Answer 7

• Children’s rxn to character appearance
• After ages 3-5, women was rated as declining in attractiveness (increasingly rated ugly).

Question 8

Blosser & Roberts: Age-Related Patterns in Cognitive Differentiation

Answer 8

• Children ranging from preschool to 4th grade exposed to TV messages
• Increase in correctly labeling message type through age
  
  • News ads- highest
  • Child ads- lowest
  • Adult ads- middle
• Increase in % comprehending message intent with age
  
  • News rose and fell

Question 9

Bandura & Ross

Answer 9

• Bobo doll study
• Performances equivalent to live model
• 3 years of age
• Children under 2 responded better to live presentation (than video)

Question 10

Looking & Responding to TV

Answer 10

• Parent-child dyad viewing kid shows
• Scaffold=mediation by parents
• Parent mediation: ask questions, point at objects
• High scaffold= lot of mediation, very related to media

Question 11

Age-Related Pattern of Viewing Results

Answer 11

• 12 months: significant effect on parental style
  
  • Sign. difference between high & low scaffold group
• Parent teaching > video w/ interaction > videos with no interaction

Question 12

Restrictive Mediation

Answer 12

limiting child’s intake of undesirable content

Question 13

Coviewing

Answer 13

• Older siblings/parents
• Exposure to developmentally “inappropriate” materials?

Question 14

Active Mediation

Answer 14

• Creating conditions for attitudes toward and skills to discriminate content materials
  
  • To increase likelihood of achieving the objective of a TV show
  • To articulate/amplify desirable values, behaviors
  • To discourage/reduce effects of “undesirable” materials

Question 15

Corder-Bolz Study 1

Answer 15

• Paired with teacher
• 2 conditions: mediating or not mediating by teacher
• Results
  
  • 5 y.o. show strong increase in difference b/t reading skills scores
  • 6 y.o. showed slight decrease

Question 16

Corder-Bolz Study 2

Answer 16

• Children ages 5-11 watched “ “ with male and female surrogate
• Mediation: male vs. female and male & female
• Results
  
  • Kindergarden-aged students showed greatest reduction of TV effects by mediation
  • Mediation didn’t work with older kids
  • Reduction of stereotype shoudl be stronger with kids who watch show w/ mediation
  • For both genders, mediating associated with statstically sign. reduction

Question 17

Sensorymotor stage (Media as Social Partners)

Answer 17

• 0-3 years
• Visual and auditory perceptions: stimuli from screen media “impoverished”
• Symbolic representation (object or not)?
• Imitation & word learning: live interactions superior, scaffold (verbalization) for learnign needed
  *

Question 18

Pre-operational stage (Media as Social Partners)

Answer 18

• 3-7 years, preschool
• Representational relationship (real or not?)
• Moral lesson: too abstract
• Learning: (1) explicit message (2) parasocial relationship with characters

Question 19

General Lessons

Answer 19

• Children’s learning from screen media is a social process.
  
  • Using media together (coviewing): time for additional parent-child interactions
  • For preschool kids, learning is possible, in social context.
• Parents (care providers)
  
  • Socially embed media
  • Scaffold children’s exploration
  • Age-appropriate strategies needed

Question 20

Dealing with Violent News (Van Gogh)

Answer 20

• (Graph with Active Mediation)
• The more kids watched news coverage of murder, more fear they felt.
• When parents provided high mediation, fear declined with increase news consump.
• High restriction= high fear
• Parental mediation requires active engagement