lecture 21 pathogenesis

Question 1

what is an infection

Answer 1

when an pathogen us growing or multiplying in or an host.

Question 2

when the host is not capable of controlling g microbial activity, this iscalled __

Answer 2

infectious disease

Question 3

the numbe rof microbes needed to kill the dose

Answer 3

lethal dose

Question 4

what is the dose that kills 50% of hosts

Answer 4

LD 50

Question 5

LOWER ld50 =

Answer 5

greater virulence

Question 6

number of microbes needed to see the signs of infection in 50% of the hosts

Answer 6

ID 50

Question 7

number of microbes needed to cause an infection

Answer 7

Infectious DOse

Question 8

what can be said about professional poathogens

Answer 8

alwasy cause diseases

Question 9

descirbe opportunistic pathogenes

Answer 9

wait for an opportunity to cause disease, like break in barrier, drop in immune system, compromised host

Question 10

streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 10

strep throat

Question 11

staphylococcus aureus

Answer 11

skin infections

Question 12

proprionibacterium acnes

Answer 12

acne

Question 13

examples of opportunistic pathogen

Answer 13

strep throat, skin infections, acne

Question 14

two major branches of immunity

Answer 14

Nonspecific mechanisms (Innate immunity)
Specific mechanisms (Acquired immunity)

Question 15

example of innate community

Answer 15

phagocytosis, inflammation

Question 16

types of acquired immunity

Answer 16

humoral (antibody)
cell-mediated (cytotoxic T cells)

Question 17

what immunity attacks extra-cellular pathogenes

Answer 17

Humoral (antibody mediated), like bloood, lymph

Question 18

what immunity attacks intra cellular pathogens

Answer 18

cytotoxic T cell.

Question 19

types of pathogenes

Answer 19

extracellular pathogens
intracellular pathogens

Question 20

what are extracellular pathogens and what do they infect

Answer 20

resid eoutside of the cells and infect typical bacterium

Question 21

Host defenses for innate immunity

Answer 21

phagocytosis

Question 22

process of phagocytosis

Answer 22

• phagocytes digest foreign particles
• degraded in lysosomes
• cause inflammation

Question 23

what clears bacteria in tack punctured skin

Answer 23

neutrophils and macrophage

Question 24

host defenses using adaptive immunity

Answer 24

certain phagocytes present bits of what they captured (microbe) to T cells. T cells produce pro-inflammatory molecules.

Question 25

antigen presenting cells active

Answer 25

T cells, b cells

Question 26

viral pathogenesis steps

Answer 26

APSAR attachement, penetration synthesis, assemble/packaging release

Question 27

what is tropism

Answer 27

this is a specific receptor and lignad needed/ present to bind

Question 28

release is done by

Answer 28

lysis and budding

Question 29

what is the outcome of viral poathogenesis

Answer 29

cell death (apoptosis), chronic infection, latent infection, cancer.

Question 30

how is bacteria pathogenessis different from virus

Answer 30

they are looking for a niche

Question 31

what happens after a bacteria finds a niche

Answer 31

infect host attach to a surface invade tissue multiply exit host

Question 32

parts of bacteria pathogenesis

Answer 32

genome pathogenicity islands virulence plasmids

Question 33

attachment of microorganism to a surface is called

Answer 33

binding

Question 34

what is the establishmant of a microorganism in a particular niche (growth there)

Answer 34

colonization

Question 35

what are the adhesins added

Answer 35

pilli, other protein

Question 36

what is involved in binding

Answer 36

the bacteria produce adhesive struictures, adhesins, recognize specific receptors

Question 37

pilli is also known as

Answer 37

fibriae

Question 38

what can be said about the afimbiral adhesins

Answer 38

no pilus but still bind a receptor

Question 39

what does variable domain or conserved domain need

Answer 39

m protein , and bind to many different receptors

Question 40

other adhesive structurs

Answer 40

teichoic acids capsules flagella non specific

Question 41

how does invading into a host cell happen

Answer 41

induce uptake, actively invade

Question 42

how doe invading int he tissues occur

Answer 42

lytic enzymes transcytosis (intestinal epithelium) penetrate deeper tissues systemic : enter blood stream

Question 43

how does salmonella invasion

Answer 43

through induce uptake, reorganize the actin and membrane ruffles

Question 44

how does toxoplasma gondii invade the cell

Answer 44

bumps into target cell, releases toxins into host cell. then reorganize and allow the receptors into the adhesins. forcefil entry

Question 45

what molecules alter host cell function

Answer 45

toxin

Question 46

disease that results from a toxin

Answer 46

intoxication

Question 47

example of toxins

Answer 47

botulism tetanus

Question 48

endotoxin _______ to the microbes

Answer 48

attach

Question 49

example fo endotoxin

Answer 49

LPS

Question 50

how does LPS work

Answer 50

lipid A is most immunogenic part they induyce cells to release pyrogens septic shock

Question 51

function ofn pyrogens

Answer 51

induce fever

Question 52

secreted toxins are called

Answer 52

exotoxins

Question 53

types of exotoxins

Answer 53

1. AB toxins 2. Cytolytic 3. Superantigens

Question 54

AB toxins component

Answer 54

A is enzymatic subunit, B is the binding subunit

Question 55

examples of AB toxins

Answer 55

diphtheria Toxins cholara toxin anthrax toxin

Question 56

ways to evade phagocytosis

Answer 56

kill the phagocyte phase variation=change antigen

Question 57

molecules that bind natibodies

Answer 57

Protein A & Protein G

Question 58

Bio film formation

Answer 58

are antibiotic resistance, rsisitance to immune activity cause chronic infection

Question 59

explain frustrated phagocytosis

Answer 59

when white blood cells cannot phagocytose biofilm bacteria. bacteria areee resistant to antibodies and antibiotics

Question 60

when are biofilm suspectible for phagocytosis

Answer 60

when seed is used for disoersal and dissemination