Lecture 21 - When things go wrong in the respiratory system

Question 1

What are the three types of respiratory disease?

Answer 1

Obstruction
Restriction
Infection and inflammation

Question 2

What are obstructive respiratory diseases?

Answer 2

Conditions that impede the rate of flow in and out of the lungs

Question 3

Whare are COPD?

Answer 3

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
A type of obstructive respiratory disease
Airways narrow which increases resistance
Elastic recoil in lungs reduces which decreases outflow pressure
Increased residual volume causing chest over-inflation

Question 4

What are the main obstructive respiratory diseases?

Answer 4

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma

Question 5

What is chronic bronchitis?

Answer 5

Inflammation of the bronchi

Question 6

What is the cause and duration of acute bronchitis?

Answer 6

Bacteria or virus
Lasts days to weeks

Question 7

What is the cause and duration of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 7

Smoking or environment
Lasts at least 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years

Question 8

What is the process by which chronic bronchitis develops?

Answer 8

Irritants cause inflammation of bronchi
Leads to abnormal mucus secretion which plugs airways
This increases chance of infection and further inflammation

Question 9

What are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 9

Airway obstruction
Shortness of breath and wheezing
Chest pain
Chronic cough

Question 10

What is the treatment of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 10

Stop smoking
Bronchodilators
Antibiotics

Question 11

What is the process by which emphysema develops?

Answer 11

Smoking makes neutrophils and macrophages to release elastase
Elastase destroys alveolar walls
This causes emphysema

Question 12

What is emphysema?

Answer 12

Increased lung compliance

Question 13

What are the symptoms of emphysema?

Answer 13

Shortness of breath
Hyperventilation
Expanded chest

Question 14

What are symptoms of asthma?

Answer 14

Bronchoconstriction
Oedema of airway
Mucus secretion

Question 15

What are the causes of asthma?

Answer 15

Air pollution
Emotional stress
Exercise and cold air
Hypersensitivity to allergens

Question 16

What is the mechanism by which asthma occurs?

Answer 16

Mast cells are activated
This releases histamines and cytokines
This causes oedema, mucus and smooth muscle contraction

Question 17

What are the treatments of asthma?

Answer 17

Bronchodilators
Anti-inflammatories

Question 18

What are restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 18

Conditions that cause reduced lung volume

Question 19

What are the main restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 19

Fibrosis
Respiratory distress syndrome

Question 20

What is fibrosis?

Answer 20

Development of excess connective tissue
Alveoli are replaced by fibrotic tissue which decreases lung compliance
No treatment

Question 21

What are the causes of fibrosis?

Answer 21

Inhaled environmental pollutants
Smoking
Autoimmune disease

Question 22

What are the main infection respiratory diseases?

Answer 22

Upper and lower tract
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis

Question 23

What is an upper respiratory tract infection?

Answer 23

Common
Minor
EG thraotW

Question 24

What is a lower respiratory tract infection?

Answer 24

Less common
Severe
EG pneumonia

Question 25

What are the three types of bacteria/virus causing pneumonia

Answer 25

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus or Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 26

What is pneumonia?

Answer 26

Affects bronchi and alveoli Inflammatory exudate fills alveoli This causes consolidation Diseased tissue gets firm and airless

Question 27

What is the bacteria causing tuberculosis?

Answer 27

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 28

What are the two phases of tuberculosis?

Answer 28

Latent = No symptoms non infections Active = spreads to bronchioles and circulation